ArticlePloS one2025
Tuberculosis incidence, deaths and disability-adjusted life years in children and adolescence, 1990-2021: Results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.
Article in PloS one, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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9 citing papers in PubMed.
- Disease burden of pulmonary aspiration and foreign body in airway in Asian children: a review based on Global Burden of Disease data and projections for 2035.Translational pediatrics · 2026Article
- Divergent Trajectories of Pediatric All-Form Tuberculosis and Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis from 1990 to 2021.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- The outcomes of isoniazid prophylaxis in LTBI high-risk pediatric patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Global, regional, and national burden of tuberculosis, 1990-2050: a systematic comparative analysis based on retrospective cross-sectional of GBD 2021 and WHO surveillance systems.International journal of surgery (London, England) · 2026Article
- Household Clustering of High-Risk Contacts in Smear-Positive TB Patient Families: Evidence for Hotspot Households and Risk Stratification in Rural Eastern Cape.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Development of the MTB/IC LAMP-MS Assay for Rapid Detection ofDiagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Article
- Applying Multiple Analyses to Quantify Changes in the Global, Regional, and National Burden of Tuberculosis From 1990 to 2021 and the Forecast Until 2035.The Canadian journal of infectious diseases & medical microbiology = Journal canadien des maladies infectieuses et de la microbiologie medicale · 2025Article
- Non-adherence and its predictors among pediatric household contacts on tuberculosis preventive therapy in the 3HP era: A multicenter observational study.Therapeutic advances in infectious diseaseArticle
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6 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundFor a long time, eliminating tuberculosis (TB) has been an enormous challenge in global health. We aim to use the 2021 Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD 2021) to systematically analyze the TB burden in children and adolescents.
methodsWe used the 2021 GBD to retrieve TB incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) data among people aged 0 to19 years in 204 countries and regions between 1990 to 2021. The data are reported as counts and ratios per 100,000 people and are analyzed by age, sex, location and socio-demographic index (SDI). To quantify the uncertainty of the estimations, we include 95% confidence interval (CI) for each indicator.
resultsGlobally, the TB burden among people under the age of 20 has decreased significantly between 2019 and 2021. The overall incidence of TB among children and adolescents fell by 37.4%, from 2.21(95% UI:1.71-2.76) million in 1990 to 1.38(95% UI:1.06-1.76) million in 2021. Sub-Saharan Africa had the highest increase in TB incidence (302.88, 95% UI: 227.85-385.33). The age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) and age-standardized DALYs rate (ASDR) of TB in females decreased faster than males. The incidence was higher in children under 5 years old and adolescents aged 15 to 19, showing a bimodal pattern. In addition, mortality caused by multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) have increased dramatically in several areas. The mortality rates for MDR-TB and XDR-TB in Eastern Europe are 0.04(95% UI:0.02-0.05) and 0.02(95% UI:0.01-0.03) respectively.
conclusionAlthough the burden of TB in children and adolescents has decreased globally, the disease remains a major public health concern, especially in countries with low SDI. To accomplish the ultimate aim of TB elimination, we should continue to invest in TB prevention and control, expand health-care infrastructure construction, and advance TB diagnostic, preventive, and treatment technologies.
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