ArticlePloS one2025
Sex differences in the risk profiles for anemia in people living with HIV, A cross sectional study.
Article in PloS one, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Prevalence and factors associated with anemia among people living with HIV taking dolutegravir-based antiretroviral therapy at debre markos compressive specialized hospital, debre markos, northwest Ethiopia, 2024: A cross-sectional study.Therapeutic advances in hematology · 2026Article
- Incidence and correlates of chronic anemia in people living with HIV Initiating ART: An exploratory five-year retrospective cohort of patients retained in care.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Anaemia and associated factors in people living with HIV on ART in Southern Province of Zambia.PloS one · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundAnemia in people living with HIV (PLWH) significantly impacts quality of life and health outcomes. This study aimed to determine sex differences in factors associated with anemia in PLWH at Livingstone University Teaching Hospital, Zambia.
methodsThis cross-sectional study involved 631 PLWH aged 18 years or older who had been on combinational ART for at least 6 months. Data was collected via standardized questionnaires and medical records. Anemia was defined as haemoglobin levels < 13 g/dL for men and < 12 g/dL for women, based on WHO criteria. Logistic regression models assessed the associated factors, stratified by sex.
resultsParticipants had a median age of 44 years, with a female preponderance of 64.2%. The overall prevalence of anemia was 36%, significantly higher in females (41.1%) compared to males (27.2%) (p < 0.001). In females, waist circumference (AOR = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.95-0.99, P = 0.018), albumin levels (AOR = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.92-0.99, P = 0.047), NNRTI regimens (AOR = 2.78, 95% CI: 1.34-5.78, P = 0.006), microcytosis (AOR = 3.18, 95% CI: 1.26-8.03, P = 0.014), and hypertension (OR = 0.34, 95% CI: 0.13-0.87, P = 0.024) were linked to anemia in adjusted analysis but these associations were abrogated by male sex.
conclusionsWe found a 36% prevalence of anemia among PLWH, with a higher prevalence in females (41%) compared to males (27%), including severe forms of anemia. Among females, anemia was linked to lower waist circumference, lower albumin levels, NNRTI regimens, microcytosis, and blood pressure but not males. Further studies are warranted.
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