ArticleBioactive materials2025
Synergizing adaptive immunity and regenerative signals to enhance osteochondral defects repair.
Article in Bioactive materials, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Recent Advances in Hydrogels as Therapeutic Tools for Spinal Cord Injury Regeneration.Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Natural Biomaterials for Osteochondral Repair: From Source to Strategy.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Review
- Heparin-Based Biomaterials for Sustained Release of Growth Factors for Bone Tissue Engineering and Regeneration.Journal of functional biomaterials · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
19 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In clinical practice, repairing osteochondral defects (OCDs) is challenging because of the complex cartilage/subchondral bone structure and intricate immunological microenvironment. Here, we identify the crucial role of adaptive immunity dysfunction by revealing that an increase of T helper 17 (Th17) cells exacerbated osteochondral tissue degradation via its pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-17 (IL-17) in the early-stage OCDs. Next, we leveraged this adaptive immunity mechanism and combined it with regenerative signals to develop a multifunctional hydrogel system capable of simultaneously tackling immune dysfunction and regenerative deficiency. Rapid IL-4 release from the methacrylated hyaluronic acid (HAMA) hydrogel exerts a potent immunomodulatory effect by inhibiting the differentiation and function of Th17 cells. Moreover, transforming growth factor-beta1 anchored on methacrylated hyaluronic acid and heparin (HAMA@HepMA) microparticles provides sustained regenerative signals, which synergistically transform the pro-inflammatory microenvironment into a pro-regenerative niche for enhanced OCDs healing. Our study suggests that targeting specific immune pathways can significantly enhance the efficacy of regenerative strategies, paving the way for innovative treatments in orthopedic medicine.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.