ArticleFrontiers in toxicology2025
Evaluation of a non-animal toolbox informed by adverse outcome pathways for human inhalation safety.
Article in Frontiers in toxicology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- NGRA in Cosmetic Safety: Moving From the Frameworks and Case Studies to Wide Adoption.Current opinion in toxicology · 2026Article
- Concentration-dependent aerosol size alters regional deposition and inhalation dose translation.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Impact of liquid dosing and associated cell 'drowning' in a 3D human bronchial epithelial model used for protease exposure studies.Frontiers in toxicology · 2026Article
- Establishing scientific confidence: human biological relevance of reconstructed human respiratory epithelium (RHRE) for assessing respiratory effects.Frontiers in toxicology · 2026Review
- Human bronchial air-liquid interface responses to nebulised protease exposure.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
16 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: This work evaluated a non-animal toolbox to be used within a next-generation risk assessment (NGRA) framework to assess chemical-induced lung effects using human upper and lower respiratory tract models, namely MucilAir™-HF and EpiAlveolar™ systems, respectively. Methods: A 12-day substance repeated exposure scheme was established to explore potential lung effects through analysis of bioactivity readouts from the tissue integrity and functionality, cytokine/chemokine secretion, and transcriptomics. Results: Eleven benchmark chemicals were tested, including inhaled materials and drugs that may cause lung toxicity following systemic exposure, covering 14 human exposure scenarios classified as low- or high-risk based on historical safety decisions. For calculation of bioactivity exposure ratios (BERs), obtained chemical-induced bioactivity data were used to derive Discussion: In general, PoDs occurred at higher concentrations than the corresponding human exposure values for the majority of the low-risk chemical-exposure scenarios. For all the high-risk chemical-exposure scenarios, there was a clear overlap between the PoDs and lung deposited mass and C
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Registered trials
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