Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40057779›Full record

ArticleBMC veterinary research2025

Whole genome sequencing identifies exotoxin and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Staphylococcus aureus from Maine dairy farms.

E Roadcap, A Lichtenwalner, B Kennedy-Wade, G Adjapong, A Chakrawarti, F Machado De Sant'Anna, John W Barlow

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in BMC veterinary research, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Veterinary sciences · 2025
    Review
  4. Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025
    Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

E RoadcapDepartment of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
A LichtenwalnerVeterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Cooperative Extension, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA.
B Kennedy-WadeVeterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Cooperative Extension, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA.
G AdjapongVeterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Cooperative Extension, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA.
A ChakrawartiDepartment of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
F Machado De Sant'AnnaDepartment of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
John W BarlowDepartment of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA. john.barlow@uvm.edu.

Funding

National Science Foundation Research Experience for Undergraduates Accelerating New Environmental Workskills NSF Award #1849802USDA Vermont Experiment Station Multi-State NE1048 "Mastitis Resistance to Enhance Dairy Food Safety" Hatch project VT-H02909MS
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundStaphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of mastitis in dairy livestock and is a pathogen with unknown but potential impact on public and herd health in Maine. The primary objective of this study was to describe retrospective trends in S. aureus detection at the University of Maine Cooperative Extension Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (UMVDL) for milk samples submitted between July 2017 and June 2022. The second objective was to assess the genetic profiles focused on antibiotic resistance and exotoxin genes of 29 S. aureus isolates submitted from dairy farms in Maine in 2017 and 2022.

resultsOverall, 7.8% of milk samples submitted to UMVDL between July 2017 and June 2022 were positive for S. aureus. The 29 isolates collected in 2017 (2 isolates) and between May and July of 2022 (27 isolates) were analyzed by whole genome sequencing and belonged to 8 strain types and 5 clonal complexes typically associated with ruminant species. Across the genomes of the 29 isolates, 14 antimicrobial resistance genes were detected, with antibiotic efflux as the primary resistance mechanism. Each isolate contained 2 to 10 staphylococcal enterotoxin genes representing 15 unique genes. lukED, lukMF', Staphylococcal superantigen-like proteins (SSLs), and hla, hlb, hld, hlgABC genes were also observed. Antimicrobial resistance and staphylococcal enterotoxin gene carriage mostly clustered with clonal complex and host species of origin.

conclusionsWhole genome sequencing identified ruminant-associated sequence types and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles consistent with other regional reports. Exotoxins with relevance to mastitis and SFP development were also identified. This study provides insight into future opportunities to study S. aureus prevalence and to survey dairy production in animal and public health contexts in Maine.

Indexed as

Drug Resistance, BacterialExotoxinsStaphylococcal InfectionsStaphylococcus aureusAnimalsAnti-Bacterial AgentsCattleDairyingFemaleMaineMastitis, BovineMilkRetrospective StudiesWhole Genome SequencingAnti-Bacterial AgentsExotoxinsAntibiotic resistanceDairyEnterotoxinMastitisStaphylococcus aureusWhole genome sequencing

Identifiers

PMID40057779
PMCPMC11889765

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.