ArticleThe Journal of frailty & aging2025
The development of frailty trajectories in world trade center general responders and the association with World Trade Center Exposure.
Article in The Journal of frailty & aging, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Urban exposures, frailty, and mental illness in World Trade Center Health Program responders.Nature communications · 2026Article
- The association between long-term exposure to PM2.5 constituents and diabetes incidence and blood glucose levels among World Trade Center Health Program general responders.American journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Urban Exposures, Frailty, and Mental Illness in World Trade Center Health Program Responders.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAs the World Trade Center (WTC) General Responder Cohort ages, it is imperative to study their aging process and identify factors that can be targeted for interventions.
objectivesOur goal was to utilize a previously developed WTC Clinical Frailty Index (CFI) to identify distinct frailty trajectories and associated factors in this cohort.
designA latent class mixed model evaluated frailty trajectories using WTC CFIs. Multinomial regression models were used to assess associations between frailty trajectory and sociodemographic and WTC characteristics.
settingWe utilized data collected during routine WTC monitoring visits from 2004 until 2021.
participantsThe participants were WTC general responders. MEASUREMENTS: Relative risk ratios (RRR) assessed associations with a 95 % confidence interval (CI).
resultsThree distinct linear frailty trajectories were identified: high CFI (indicating higher frailty), low CFI, and progressively increasing CFI. Compared with the low CFI group, females were more likely to be in the high CFI and progressively increasing CFI groups (RRR 1.66, 95 %CI 1.46, 1.90; RRR 1.32, 95 %CI 1.15, 1.53, respectively). Education beyond high school and elevated income were protective against high CFI and progressively increasing CFI groups. Individuals that self-identified as Hispanic had an elevated RRR for the high CFI group (RRR 1.17, 95 %CI 1.04, 1.31). Occupation on 9/11, such as construction and maintenance and repair, as well as high/very high WTC exposure were significantly associated with both the high CFI and progressively increasing CFI groups.
conclusionsSeveral sociodemographic and WTC variables were associated with more hazardous frailty trajectories in WTC general responders. This work is beneficial to informing and directing future interventions for those at higher-risk for more hazardous frailty progression.
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