Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40055925›Full record

SynthesisAnnals of medicine2025

Pathogenesis and treatment of perioperative hiccups: a narrative review.

Jiahui He, Ao Guan, Tingting Yang, Lijuan Fu, Yourui Wang, Shaoshuang Wang, Haomin Ren, Ling Chen, Yaomin Zhu, Bin Deng

Abstract readSystematic Review
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Annals of medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
11citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

11 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
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  5. Observational
  6. Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Jiahui HeDepartment of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
Ao GuanSchool of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
Tingting YangDepartment of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
Lijuan FuDepartment of Infectious and Liver Disease, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
Yourui WangKey Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.
Shaoshuang WangDepartment of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
Haomin RenDepartment of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
Ling ChenDepartment of Philosophy, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
Yaomin ZhuDepartment of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
Bin DengDepartment of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionHiccups affect 0.05% of general in-patients and up to 10% of patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Hiccups are typically self-limited. In certain cases, they can become persistent and intractable, suggesting a potentially more serious underlying pathological condition. Treatment of hiccups in the perioperative period is challenging as it is difficult to identify their causes, and the existing literature is mainly based on case studies. This review aims to comprehensively explore the aetiology, mechanisms and treatment of perioperative hiccups to provide new insights.

methodsA systematic search was conducted in multiple databases such as PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science, for literature published within the past three decades. Search terms included 'Hiccups, Perioperative, Pathogenesis, Treatment, Lidocaine', etc. Inclusion criteria included original research articles, review papers and case reports that provided relevant information on the topic. Exclusion criteria were non-relevant studies, duplicates and articles with insufficient data.

resultsSurgical, anaesthesia- and patient-related aetiological factors and mechanisms of perioperative hiccups were systematically analysed. Management strategies across different perioperative phases were summarized, highlighting the emerging evidence of lidocaine's therapeutic efficacy. Current understanding of perioperative hiccups is limited as it mainly depends on case reports and observational studies, lacking strong evidence from controlled clinical trials. Preoperative risk stratification, intraoperative dynamic assessment, and postoperative multimodal safety protocols are clinically essential.

conclusionResearch on the pathogenesis and treatment of perioperative hiccups requires further enhancement. Large-scale prospective studies are needed to validate the proposed management strategies and treatment recommendations, which will be beneficial for improving the clinical management of this condition.

Indexed as

HiccupPerioperative CareAnesthetics, LocalHumansLidocainePerioperative PeriodAnesthetics, LocalLidocaineHiccupslidocainepathogenesisperioperativetreatment

Identifiers

PMID40055925
PMCPMC11892049

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.