ArticleBMC psychology2025
Validation of the English version of the TOY8 developmental screening tool: examining measurement invariance across languages, gender and income groups.
Article in BMC psychology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Case-control accuracy study for TOY8 digital developmental screening tool for detecting delays among children aged 3-5 years.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe National Health and Morbidity Survey in Malaysia (2022) revealed a significant increase in developmental delays among young children. Early detection using valid, accessible, and cross-culturally appropriate developmental screening tools is essential. Thus, English-language and Malay versions of the TOY EIGHT developmental screening tool (TOY8) were developed using artificial intelligence and a standardized parent-proxy questionnaire. This study aimed to examine the construct validity and reliability of the English version of TOY8, building on the previously validated Malay TOY8, and to examine measurement invariance across language versions, gender, and income groups.
methodsTOY8 was designed and developed to screen for developmental problems in children aged 3-5 years in Malay and English by an interdisciplinary research team drawing upon both national and international guidelines, and then reviewed by an expert panel (n = 5). Two samples of parents and their children were recruited: 1767 dyads to complete the English TOY8 and another 1724 dyads to complete the Malay TOY8.
resultsThe confirmatory factor analysis results indicated that the model structure of the English TOY8 matched that of the Malay TOY8. The split-half reliability coefficient indicated adequate to high reliability, which is also consistent with the Malay TOY8. Our results showed that all configural and metric invariance models across groups had a good fit to the data, demonstrating that multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis was appropriate. Finally, scalar invariance was only achieved in certain domains across gender and not in language versions or income groups.
conclusionThe English TOY8 demonstrates construct validity and reliable screening tool for identifying developmental milestones in children aged 3-5 years in Malaysia. In addition, configural and metric invariances across groups in all domains were established, indicating the cross-cultural equivalence of the items, and scalar invariance was established across genders in most 3- to 5-year-old domains. These findings provide preliminary evidence supporting reliability and validity that aligns with previous literature on child development, which indicates a general similarity in the gender and cross-cultural development domains in the first years of life, but not for older children, in terms of language and socioemotional skills.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.