ArticleScientific reports2025
ALM adjusted by BMI or weight predicts adverse health outcomes in middle-aged and elderly patients with type 2 diabetes.
Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Association between triglyceride glucose-body mass index and all-cause mortality in critically ill patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases: a retrospective cohort study using the MIMIC-IV database.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2026Article
- Association between the non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and Sarcopenic obesity in U.S. adults: a cross-sectional study.Preventive medicine reports · 2025Article
- The Effects of Augmented Reality Treadmill Walking on Cognitive Function, Body Composition, Physiological Responses, and Acceptability in Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Brain sciences · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The role of skeletal muscle in the prognosis of patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) remains unclear. This study aimed to systematically evaluate the impact of different muscle-mass adjustment standards on adverse health outcomes in middle-aged and elderly T2DM patients. Retrospective cohort study. A total of 1,818 T2DM patients aged 50 years or older were included in this study. The cohort comprised 45.7% females, with a median age of 63 years. Variables closely correlated with total lean mass (TLM) and appendicular lean mass (ALM) were selected as adjustment indicators. The primary composite endpoints were all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and fragility fractures. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the risk associated with each indicator, and phenotypic characteristics of high-risk patients were evaluated. During a median follow-up of 63 months, 436 patients reached the primary endpoint. ALM/BMI and ALM/weight were negatively correlated with adverse outcomes in both sexes, even after adjusting for confounding factors (males: ALM/BMI (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.998, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.996-0.999, P = 0.005) and ALM/weight (HR = 0.924, 95% CI = 0.864-0.987, P = 0.020); females: ALM/BMI (HR = 0.998, 95% CI = 0.996-1.000, P = 0.030) and ALM/weight (HR = 0.917, 95% CI = 0.860-0.978, P = 0.008), respectively). Individuals with lower ALM/BMI and ALM/weight have poorer metabolic status, greater fat accumulation, more complications, and a lower muscle-to-fat ratio. Our findings demonstrate that both ALM/BMI and ALM/weight can predict adverse health outcomes, suggesting their potential as practical, clinically relevant markers for sarcopenia in T2DM.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.