Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40054867›Full record

ArticleBMJ open2025

Representative national survey on drug use during the COVID-19 stay-at-home order in the USA.

Soo-Hoon Lee, Bernadette Cullen, Alison Athey, Calliope Holingue, Michelle R Kaufman, Paul Nestadt, Jack Samuels, Tracy Vannorsdall, Phillip Phan

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in BMJ open, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Soo-Hoon LeeManagement, College of Business and Public Administration, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, USA.
Bernadette CullenCommunity Psychiatry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Alison AtheyRAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California, USA.
Calliope HolingueDepartment of Behavioral Psychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8190-2385
Michelle R KaufmanBloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Paul NestadtPsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Jack SamuelsPsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Tracy VannorsdallPsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Phillip PhanCarey Business School, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA pphan@jhu.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1366-1604

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectivesThis study explores the drug use behaviour in the US general population in the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic with a focus on the relationship between sociopsychological factors, mobility restrictions from March to June 2020 and mental health conditions.

designA retrospective anonymous online survey representing a cross-section of the US population in 2020.

settingA qualified panel of 500 000 Qualtrics participants stratified by gender, race, age and geographical region to represent the US population.

participants3340 participants voluntarily consented to respond. MEASURES: Outcome measure for illicit and non-medical use of prescription drugs based on the National Institute on Drug Abuse-Modified Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test Level-2 Substance Use for Adult Questionnaire and predictor measures include self-reports of mobility behaviours, demographics and mental states using psychometrically validated scales.

resultsχ

conclusionsMobility restriction was a risk factor for drug use. Demographics and mental health conditions were important covariates, underscoring the need for further research on unintended consequences of infection control policies during national health crises.

Indexed as

COVID-19QuarantineSubstance-Related DisordersAdolescentAdultAgedCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedRetrospective StudiesSARS-CoV-2Surveys and QuestionnairesUnited StatesYoung AdultBehaviorCOVID-19Cross-Sectional StudiesMENTAL HEALTHSubstance misuse

Identifiers

PMID40054867
PMCPMC11891535

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.