ArticlePediatric pulmonology2025
Outpatient Respiratory Outcomes in Extremely Preterm Children During the First 3 Years of Life.
Article in Pediatric pulmonology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- The Effect of Chronic Azithromycin Use in Winter on Health Care Utilization for Children With Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: A Double Blind Randomized Controlled Study (RCT).Pediatric pulmonology · 2025Trial
- A study on differences in lung function development and longitudinal patterns between preterm infants of different gestational ages and term infants.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
rationaleExtremely preterm infants are at highest risk for developing bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). This study aimed to examine the relationship between gestational age and respiratory outcomes in children with BPD in the outpatient setting.
methodsData were collected from 1025 preterm children with BPD recruited from outpatient bronchopulmonary (BPD) clinics at Johns Hopkins and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP). Extremely preterm children (22-24 and 25-27 weeks gestation) were compared to a reference group of very preterm children (28-32 weeks gestation). Data were analyzed using Χ
resultsInfants born at < 25 weeks gestation were more likely to have severe BPD (71.9%), be discharged on supplemental oxygen (50.7%), have public insurance, and self-report as Black (60.4%) compared to those born > 25 weeks. In the outpatient setting, extremely preterm children (22-24 weeks gestation) had a higher likelihood of activity limitation (OR 1.72) compared to very preterm infants. Hispanic children, regardless of gestational age, were more likely to have sick visits (OR 2.09) and a hospital admission (OR 2.15) compared to non-Hispanic children. Children with public insurance had a higher likelihood of ED visits (OR 1.48), hospital admissions (OR 1.49), systemic steroid use (OR 1.39), nighttime respiratory symptoms (OR 1.66), and activity limitations (OR 1.61) compared to privately insured children.
conclusionsAfter initial hospital discharge, extremely preterm children (22-24 weeks gestation) have a higher likelihood of activity limitation. However, other factors including race/ethnicity and public insurance are more likely driving outpatient respiratory outcomes regardless of gestational age.
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