Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40052621›Full record

ArticleSmall (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)2025

Cleanroom-Free Toolkit for Patterning Submicron-Resolution Bioelectronics on Flexibles.

Xudong Tao, Alejandro Carnicer-Lombarte, Antonio Dominguez-Alfaro, Luke Gatecliff, Ji Zhang, Sophia Bidinger, Scott T Keene, Salim El Hadwe, Chaoqun Dong, Alexander J Boys and 7 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
6citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

6 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Article
  3. Review
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

17 authors.

Xudong TaoElectrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK.ORCID 0000-0001-8177-8831
Alejandro Carnicer-LombarteElectrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK.
Antonio Dominguez-AlfaroElectrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK.
Luke GatecliffElectrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK.
Ji ZhangDepartment of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK.
Sophia BidingerElectrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK.
Scott T KeeneDepartment of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.
Salim El HadweElectrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK.
Chaoqun DongElectrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK.
Alexander J BoysThayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
Christopher SlaughterElectrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK.
Ruben Ruiz-Mateos SerranoElectrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK.
Jakob ChovasBainbridge Bio Ltd, The Hauser Forum, 3 Charles Babbage Rd, Cambridge, CB3 0GT, UK.
Marco Vinicio Alban-PacchaElectrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK.
Damiano BaroneElectrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK.
Sohini Kar-NarayanDepartment of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK.
George G MalliarasElectrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-4582-8501

Funding

Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council EP/S009000/1UK government's Horizon Europe EP/Y032535/1
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Fabricating flexible bioelectronics remains an ongoing challenge in pursuing a cost-effective, efficient, scalable, and environmentally friendly approach for research and commercial applications. The current dominant method, lithography, presents challenges due to its incompatibility with solvent-sensitive biomaterials and the phase mismatch between the photoresist and flexible substrates, such as elastomers. This study proposes a simplified, cleanroom-free toolkit as a potential alternative to lithography for fabricating intricate bioelectronics on flexible substrates with submicron resolution. This technique integrates a two-photon laser writing mask, mask transfer, and multi-layer/material patterning processes, enabling batch-to-batch processing and making it suitable for scalable production. With excellent conformal patterning capability, different functional and encapsulation biomaterials can be patterned on flexible substrates, including elastomers, parylene-C, polymer sheets, skin, fabric, and plant leaves. The versatility of this toolkit is validated by fabricating various prototypes of wearable and implantable bioelectronics, demonstrating excellent performance.

Indexed as

ElectronicsBiocompatible MaterialsPolymersWearable Electronic DevicesBiocompatible MaterialsPolymersflexible bioelectronicssubmicron patterningtwo‐photon laser

Identifiers

PMID40052621
PMCPMC11983252

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.