ArticleJPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition2025
Determination of macronutrient profile and energy composition in human milk via Mid-Infrared Spectrometer Analysis: An experimental study.
Article in JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Adiposity-dependent adipokine-immunoglobulin interplay in mature breast milk.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Observational
- Freeze-Dried Donor Milk for Fortification of Mother's Own Milk in Preterm Infants: A Preliminary Observational Study.Nutrients · 2025Observational
- Determination of macronutrient profile and energy composition in human milk via Mid-Infrared Spectrometer Analysis: An experimental study.JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundTo study the effect of specific maternal and neonatal variables on the macronutrients and energy composition of expressed human milk samples.
methodsA prospective study was conducted including 296 samples of human milk delivered from 201 participant mothers. Human milk was analyzed using Mid-Infrared Spectrometer Analysis.
resultsColostrum exhibited significantly higher crude protein and lower fat, carbohydrate, total solids, and energy content compared with transitional or mature milk. Milk from mothers who were obese showed significantly higher total solids levels and energy, compared with milk from mothers who were overweight, or of normal weight. Milk from mothers of preterm infants had higher crude protein, and lower carbohydrate content, compared with that of full-term infants. Finally, significant differences were observed in fat, carbohydrate, total solids, and energy between extremely and very low, low, or normal birth weight infants. Maternal body mass index and the phase of lactation were significantly associated with crude protein, whereas pregnancy duration and birth weight were positively correlated with carbohydrates and negatively correlated with fat, total solids, and energy content.
conclusionNeonatal and maternal factors are associated with the macronutrients and energy content of expressed human milk samples. Further research is warranted to explore the specific preterm infants' nutrition needs.
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