Is there an association between retinal vein occlusion and cerebrovascular accident? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

backgroundRetinal vein occlusion (RVO) is a significant retinal vascular disorder that has been hypothesized to increase the risk of cerebrovascular accidents (CVA). Given the shared vascular pathology between the retina and cerebral circulation, understanding the association between RVO and stroke incidence is critical for early intervention and risk management. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to evaluate the risk of CVA, including ischemic and hemorrhagic subtypes, in patients with RVO.

methodsThis study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42024557820). A systematic search of PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase was conducted from inception to February 2025. Studies assessing the incidence of CVA post-RVO in adult patients (≥ 18 years) were included. Two independent reviewers performed study selection, data extraction, and quality assessment using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool for Non-Randomized studies (ROBINS-I) was used for observational cohort studies. Meta-analysis was conducted using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) software version 3.7, applying a fixed-effects model for low heterogeneity. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed based on RVO type (BRVO vs. CRVO) and stroke subtype (ischemic vs. hemorrhagic CVA). Publication bias was evaluated using Egger's test and funnel plots.

resultsA total of 14 studies (n = 97,812 patients) were included. The pooled event rate for CVA post-RVO was 37.5% (95% CI: 37.3%-37.8%), with no significant heterogeneity (I

conclusionThis meta-analysis provides strong evidence linking RVO to an increased risk of CVA and mortality. Given the high incidence of stroke (37.5%) and mortality post-CVA (69%), early cardiovascular risk assessment and intervention are crucial. Patients with RVO should undergo comprehensive vascular risk evaluation, including blood pressure control, lipid regulation, and anticoagulation therapy when indicated. The findings support a multidisciplinary approach involving ophthalmologists, neurologists, and cardiologists for proactive stroke prevention strategies in RVO patients. Future research should explore genetic predispositions, inflammatory markers, and AI-based predictive models to improve early risk stratification and intervention.