Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40050677›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2025

Carbon ion stimulation therapy reverses iron deposits and microglia driven neuroinflammation and induces cognitive improvement in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model.

Won-Seok Lee, Toshiaki Kokubo, Younshick Choi, Tsuyoshi Hamano, Alexander Zaboronok, Takaaki Ishikawa, Oh-Dae Kwon, EunHo Kim, Jong-Ki Kim

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Won-Seok Lee *Department of Biochemistry, Daegu Catholic University, Daegu, 42472, South Korea.
Toshiaki Kokubo *HIMAC, QST, Chiba, Japan.
Younshick ChoiDepartment of a Biomedical Engineering & Radiology, Daegu Catholic University, Daegu, 42472, South Korea.
Tsuyoshi HamanoHIMAC, QST, Chiba, Japan.
Alexander ZaboronokDepartment of Neurosurgery, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
Takaaki IshikawaDepartment of Neurosurgery, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
Oh-Dae KwonDepartment of Neurology, School of Medicine, Daegu Catholic University, Daegu, 42472, South Korea.
EunHo KimDepartment of Biochemistry, Daegu Catholic University, Daegu, 42472, South Korea. eh140149@cu.ac.kr.
Jong-Ki KimDepartment of a Biomedical Engineering & Radiology, Daegu Catholic University, Daegu, 42472, South Korea. jkkim@cu.ac.kr.

Funding

National Research Foundation of Korea 2013M7A1A1075764National Research Foundation of Korea 2022R1F1A1073750
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Insoluble iron deposits often exist as iron oxide nanoparticles in protein aggregates, impaired ferritin, or activated microglia and have been implicated as major causes of neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease. However, no crucial evidence has been reported to support the therapeutic effects of current iron chelators on the deposition of various molecular forms of insoluble iron. We investigated the therapeutic effect of carbon ion stimulation (CIS) via a transmission beam on insoluble iron deposits, iron inclusion bodies, and the associated biological response in 5xFAD AD mouse brains. Compared with no treatment, CIS dose-dependently induced a 33-60% reduction in the amount of ferrous-containing iron species and associated inclusion bodies in the brains of AD mice. CIS induced considerable neuroinflammation downregulation and, conversely, anti-inflammatory upregulation, which was associated with improved memory and enhanced hippocampal neurogenesis. In conclusion, our results suggest that the effective degradation of insoluble iron deposits in combination with pathogenic inclusion bodies promotes AD-modifying properties and offers a potential CIS treatment option for AD.

Indexed as

Alzheimer DiseaseCarbonCognitionIronMicrogliaNeuroinflammatory DiseasesAnimalsBrainDisease Models, AnimalHippocampusHumansMiceMice, TransgenicCarbonIronCarbon beam transmissionIron depositionIron oxide nanoparticlesMicroglial polarizationNeuroinflammation

Identifiers

PMID40050677
PMCPMC11885615

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.