ArticleAnnals of surgical oncology2025
Optimizing Outcomes in Gallbladder Cancer: Identifying Predictors of Futile Up-Front Surgery in a Global Multi-center Study.
Article in Annals of surgical oncology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Clinical and Ethical Approaches to Medical Futility in End-of-Life Care: A Scoping Review.Cureus · 2026Review
- Development and Validation of Nomogram Predicting Survival in Resectable Gallbladder Cancer.Journal of hepato-biliary-pancreatic sciences · 2026Article
- Neoadjuvant Treatment Strategies in Unresectable Gallbladder Cancer (GBC) in a Regional Cancer Centre in India: a Prospective Cohort Study.Journal of gastrointestinal cancer · 2026Observational
- Long-term survival after targeted therapy plus immunotherapy without chemotherapy in advanced gallbladder carcinoma: a case report and literature review.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
37 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundGallbladder cancer (GBC) has a poor prognosis, particularly in advanced stages, with surgery often offering limited survival benefit. This study aimed to identify risk factors for futile surgery (FS), defined as procedures followed by early recurrence or death.
methodsAn international cohort of 788 patients who underwent up-front GBC surgery across 18 centers was analyzed. Futility was defined as recurrence within 5 months or death within 90 days after oncological surgery. A multivariate model was built, and an online calculator was developed to predict the probability of FS.
resultsA total of 107 patients (13.6%) experienced FS, with a median survival of only 6.8 months, compared with 57.4 months for nonfutile cases. The key risk factors identified were the T3-T4 tumor stage (odds ratio [OR] 2.20; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.30-3.71), lymph node involvement (OR 1.91; 95% CI 1.22-2.98), and multivisceral resection (OR 2.25; 95% CI 1.28-3.94). Incidental GBC diagnoses showed a lower risk of FS (OR 0.41; 95% CI 0.25-0.67). The predictive model had a strong discriminative ability (c-statistic: 0.749). Decision curve analysis demonstrated the superiority of the multivariate model over individual predictors.
conclusionsRefining patient selection can reduce futile surgeries in GBC. The predictive model provides a valuable online tool ( https://aicep.website/?cff-form=25 ) to improve decision-making and outcomes by minimizing unnecessary interventions.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.