Seasonal thermal performance of double and triple glazed windows with effects of window opening area.

Despite significant advancements in building technologies, a critical gap exists in understanding how Solar Heat Gain and the Cooling Effect of Ventilation (CEV) interact in high-rise residential buildings. These two factors, which are crucial for achieving thermal comfort, operate in opposing directions: Solar Heat Gain leads to heat retention and an increase in indoor temperature, while CEV promotes cooling and reduces indoor temperature. This contradiction creates a complex thermal dynamic that is not well-understood, particularly in the context of high-rise bedrooms with varying window configurations. This study addresses this gap by investigating the seasonal interplay between Window Opening Area (WOA), Solar Heat Gain, and CEV, explicitly focusing on their seasonal variability and the impact of different glazing configurations (double- and triple-glazed windows). This research is conducted in Dongguan, China, and employs field measurements from seven high-rise bedrooms in winter and summer. The study uses advanced instruments such as pyranometers and anemometers to capture precise data on solar radiation, indoor temperature, and airflow, enabling a detailed analysis of the thermal effects of WOA and glazing configurations. The results reveal distinct seasonal behaviours of Solar Heat Gain and CEV. Solar Heat Gain dominates in winter, with heat retention critical for indoor comfort. Smaller WOAs enhance net heat gain, especially in triple-glazed configurations, where Solar Heat Gain values for a 0.32 m