ArticleSchizophrenia bulletin2026
Clarifying Fundamental Role of Symbol Coding in Cognitive Networks in Schizophrenia and Healthy Controls Leveraging Gaussian Graphical Models and Bayesian Networks.
Article in Schizophrenia bulletin, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Directionality of causal association between adolescent mental health and attention deficit: an empirical analysis using a hybrid network model.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors.
Funding
Abstract
background and hypothesisCognitive impairments in patients with schizophrenia initiate a cascade of effects on daily functioning. A single impairment can affect the functioning of the entire cognitive system. However, the relative interdependence among individual neuropsychological measures-whether the performance of a specific test depends on other tests-remains poorly understood. STUDY
designThe study included a total of 1027 participants (522 patients with schizophrenia and 505 healthy controls) from China. All participants completed the comprehensive 9-test Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia Consensus Cognitive Battery. To examine cognitive relationships, we employed Gaussian Graphical Models for undirected relationships and Bayesian networks for directed relationships among cognitive tests. STUDY
resultsSymbol Coding played a central role and exhibited downstream associations with other cognitive tests in both patients and controls. Network analysis showed significant between-group edge differences in undirected networks, particularly between Continuous Performance and Spatial Span (SS), and between Symbol Coding and Managing Emotions (P = .018). A consistent sequential pattern (Symbol Coding → SS → Maze → Trail Making) was identified in both networks. Notably, the Symbol Coding → Managing Emotions connection was uniquely present in the patient's network. Importantly, Symbol Coding and SS were identified as central variables in schizophrenia, showing extensive connectivity with other cognitive tests.
conclusionsSymbol Coding is a fundamental cognitive test in both patients and controls. The association between Symbol Coding and Managing Emotions appears to be a stable feature in schizophrenia. These findings may inform mechanistic insights into cognitive architecture.
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