ArticleEuropean journal of public health2025
Are ethnic inequalities in COVID-19 outcomes mediated by occupation risk? Analyses of a 2-year record linked national cohort study in Scotland.
Article in European journal of public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Investigating the contribution of socio-economic position to ethnic inequalities in severe COVID-19 outcomes: population-based mediation analyses of national linked Scottish data.European journal of public health · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
This study investigated the extent to which ethnic inequalities in severe COVID-19 (i.e. hospitalization or deaths) are mediated through occupational risk differences. We used a population-based cohort study linking the 2011 Scottish Census to health records. We included all individuals aged 30-64 years and living in Scotland on 1 March 2020. The study period was from 1 March 2020 to 17 April 2022. Self-reported ethnicity was taken from the Census. We derived occupational risk of SARS-COV-2 infection using the 3-digit Standard Occupational Classification (SOC2010). We estimated hazard ratios (HRs) of total effects and controlled direct effects of ethnicity on severe COVID-19 mediated by occupational risk using marginal structural Cox models and subsequent proportional change. For aggregated ethnic groups, Non-White groups experienced a higher risk of severe COVID-19 (HR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4-1.8) compared to White group (all White ethnic groups) which increased to (1.7; 1.4-2.1) after accounting for occupational risk, representing a 6.0% change. For disaggregated ethnic groups, risks for South Asian (2.0; 1.8-2.3), African, Caribbean, or Black (1.3; 0.9-1.7) and Other ethnic groups (1.1; 0.9-1.3) were higher compared to White Scottish. After accounting for occupational risk, estimated risk of severe COVID-19 remained elevated for South Asian (1.8; 1.2-2.3), African Caribbean or Black (1.4; 0.8-2.1) and Other ethnic group (1.7; 1.1-2.3) representing a reduction of 11.8% and increases of 16.4% and 59.0%, respectively. Our findings suggest that ethnic inequalities in severe COVID-19 were impacted by differences in occupational risk.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.