Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40043707›Full record

ArticleAmerican journal of human genetics2025

Clinical validation of RNA sequencing for Mendelian disorder diagnostics.

Sen Zhao, Kristina Macakova, Jefferson C Sinson, Hongzheng Dai, Jill Rosenfeld, Gladys E Zapata, Shenglan Li, Patricia A Ward, Christiana Wang, Chunjing Qu and 5 more

Abstract readValidation Study
In one paragraph

Article in American journal of human genetics, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
22citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

22 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Arriving at a diagnosis: Effective strategies used by the Undiagnosed Diseases Network.Genetics in medicine : official journal of the American College of Medical Genetics · 2026
    Article
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Benchmarking RNA-seq Tools for Real-World Diagnostic Applications.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026
    Article
  13. Article
  14. Review
  15. A role forFrontiers in genetics · 2026
    Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

15 authors.

Sen ZhaoDepartment of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Medical Genetics and Multiomics Laboratory, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
Kristina MacakovaDepartment of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Medical Genetics and Multiomics Laboratory, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Graduate Program in Diagnostic Genetics and Genomics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center School of Health Professions, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
Jefferson C SinsonDepartment of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Medical Genetics and Multiomics Laboratory, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
Hongzheng DaiDepartment of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Baylor Genetics, Houston, TX 77021, USA.
Jill RosenfeldDepartment of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
Gladys E ZapataDepartment of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Medical Genetics and Multiomics Laboratory, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
Shenglan LiDepartment of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Medical Genetics and Multiomics Laboratory, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
Patricia A WardDepartment of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Medical Genetics and Multiomics Laboratory, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
Christiana WangDepartment of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
Chunjing QuBaylor Genetics, Houston, TX 77021, USA.
Becky MaywaldDepartment of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Medical Genetics and Multiomics Laboratory, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
Undiagnosed Diseases Network
Brendan LeeDepartment of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Medical Genetics and Multiomics Laboratory, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
Christine EngDepartment of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Medical Genetics and Multiomics Laboratory, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Baylor Genetics, Houston, TX 77021, USA.
Pengfei LiuDepartment of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Medical Genetics and Multiomics Laboratory, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Baylor Genetics, Houston, TX 77021, USA. Electronic address: pengfeil@bcm.edu.

Funding

Pilot of New Technologies to Increase the Genomic Diagnosis of Undiagnosed Disease Network (UDN) PatientsU01HG007709 · NHGRI · BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE · PI BACINO, CARLOS A., LEE, BRENDAN · 2014 to 2022
$14.3M
Clinical Sequencing Core Facility for the Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN)U01HG007942 · NHGRI · BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE · PI ENG, CHRISTINE · 2014 to 2021
$10.2M
Urine-Derived Cell RNA Sequencing to Improve Diagnosis in Undiagnosed UDN Participants.U01NS134348 · NINDS · BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE · PI Carlos A. Bacino, Brendan Lee · 2023 to 2026
$3.8M
Characterizing disease-causing variants using personal genomes with large recurrent deletionsR35HG011311 · NHGRI · BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE · PI LIU, PENGFEI · 2021 to 2025
$2.3M
NHGRI NIH HHS R35 HG011311NHGRI NIH HHS U01 HG007709NHGRI NIH HHS U01 HG007942NINDS NIH HHS U01 NS134348
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Despite rapid advancements in clinical sequencing, over half of diagnostic evaluations still lack definitive results. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) has shown promise in research settings for bridging this gap by providing essential functional data for accurate interpretation of diagnostic sequencing results. However, despite advanced research pipelines, clinical translation of diagnostic RNA-seq has not yet been realized. We have developed and validated a clinical diagnostic RNA-seq test for individuals with suspected genetic disorders who have existing or concurrent comprehensive DNA diagnostic testing. This diagnostic RNA-seq test processes RNA samples from fibroblasts or blood and derives clinical interpretations based on the analytical detection of outliers in gene expressions and splicing patterns. The clinical validation involves 130 samples, including 90 negative and 40 positive samples. We developed provisional expression and splicing benchmarks using short-read and long-read RNA-seq data from the GM24385 lymphoblastoid sample produced by the Genome in a Bottle Consortium. For clinical validation, we first established reference ranges for each gene and junction based on expression distributions from our control data. We then evaluated the clinical performance of our outlier-based pipeline using 40 positive samples with previously identified diagnostic findings from the Undiagnosed Diseases Network project. Our study provides a paradigm and necessary resources for independent laboratories to validate a clinical RNA-seq test.

Indexed as

Genetic Diseases, InbornSequence Analysis, RNAGenetic TestingHumansReproducibility of ResultsRNA Splicingclinical validationexpressiongenetic testingMendelian diseasemolecular diagnosticsoutlier analysisRNA-seqRNA sequencingsplicingtranscriptome

Identifiers

PMID40043707
PMCPMC12081282

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.