ArticleEnvironmental health perspectives2025
Maternal Urinary Fluoride Levels of a Large Pregnancy Cohort in the United States: Findings from the ADORE Study.
Article in Environmental health perspectives, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- The association of fluoride exposure with bone density and fracture risk: a dose-response meta-analysis.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2025Pooled it
- Relationships between Toenail, Urinary, and Drinking-water Fluoride Concentrations in a Pregnancy Cohort using Private Water Systems in the United States.Biological trace element research · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundEmerging evidence has suggested negative associations between maternal urinary fluoride adjusted for specific gravity (MUFsg) and offspring intelligence quotient (IQ). Two prior studies report the MUFsg of pregnant women in the US, both in California, and more information is needed on population levels of MUFsg.
objectivesThe primary objective was to measure MUFsg in a large pregnancy cohort of women recruited from health departments and academic hospitals in Ohio and Kansas. A secondary objective was to compare associations between water fluoridation level and estimated fluoride intake from tap water and MUFsg.
methodsPregnant women (
resultsMUFsg (median: DISCUSSION: MUFsg in this population of midwestern US women exceeds the safety benchmark for pregnancy. While we cannot account for all sources of fluoride, MUFsg was correlated to PWS fluoridation. Because so many exceeded the safety benchmark for MUFsg, there is a need for MUFsg evaluation in other US regions, especially where the PWS fluoridation exceeds US Department of Health and Human Services recommendations (
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