Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40042389›Full record

ArticleThe Journal of manual & manipulative therapy2025

An international consensus on the etiology, risk factors, diagnosis and Management for individuals with Frozen Shoulder: a Delphi study.

Paul Salamh, Brent Stoner, Nathaniel Ruley, Huiling Zhu, Marcus Bateman, Rachel Chester, Liesbet Da Baets, Jo Gibson, Luise Hollmann, Martin Kelley and 9 more

Abstract readConsensus Statement
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in The Journal of manual & manipulative therapy, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Shoulder pain: to image or not to image?Frontiers in rehabilitation sciences · 2025
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

19 authors.

Paul SalamhKrannert School of Physical Therapy, University of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
Brent StonerKrannert School of Physical Therapy, University of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
Nathaniel RuleyKrannert School of Physical Therapy, University of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
Huiling ZhuKrannert School of Physical Therapy, University of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
Marcus BatemanDerby Shoulder Unit, University Hospitals of Derby and Burton, Derby, UK.
Rachel ChesterSchool of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, England.
Liesbet Da BaetsMusculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Group, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium.
Jo GibsonSchool of Health Sciences, Liverpool Hope University, Liverpool England.
Luise HollmannDiscipline of Physiotherapy, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia.
Martin KelleyGood Shepherd Penn Partners, Philadelphia, PA ,USA.
Jeremy LewisTherapy Department, Central London Community Healthcare National Health Service Trust, Finchley Memorial Hospital, London, UK.ORCID 0000-0001-7870-9165
Philip McClureDepartment of Physical Therapy, Arcadia University, Glenside, PA, USA.
Karen McCreeshSchool of Allied Health, and Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
Michel Gcam MertensResearch Group MOVANT, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy (REVAKI), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.ORCID 0000-0002-7170-3518
Lori MichenerDivision of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Amee L SeitzDepartment of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL ,USA.
Filip StruyfResearch Group MOVANT, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.
Joseph ZuckermanDepartment of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery at NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
William KingBognor War Memorial Hospital, Sussex Community NHS Foundation Trust, Bogner Regis, UK.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionThere has been an emergence of evidence in the area of frozen shoulder (FS) within the past decade related to risk factors, etiology, diagnosis, and management. It has become increasingly challenging for clinicians and researchers to stay up to date in these areas, particularly with the clinical practice guidelines that are available being few and outdated. To this end, the aim of this study was to produce an international consensus on the risk factors, etiology, diagnosis and management for individuals with FS.

methodsDuring phase one a steering committee was formed in order to identify experts in the area of FS, examine the current evidence related to FS and identify key areas lacking consensus. Phase two consisted of inviting experts to participate in a three-round survey with a priori consensus level set at 80%. Descriptive statistics were utilized to determine the characteristics of the expert panel, response rate, and level of consensus.

resultsA total of 14 international experts responded to all three rounds of the Delphi survey with 100% response rate following round one. Consensus was reached for 101 items (57 in the first round, 37 in the second round and 7 in the third and final round). Specific to key topic areas, the following number of items reached consensus; etiology 9 items (diabetes mellitus, trauma, shoulder arthroscopy, thyroid disease, prolonged immobilization, adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency, metabolic synderome, connective tissue disorders, and hyperlipidemia), risk factors 40 items (including biophysical factors for developing FS and biophysical and psychosocial factors influencing the Management and course of outcomes related to FS), diagnosis 19 items (4 confounding the diagnosis and 15 signs and symptoms associated with FS), Management 33 items overall and categorized into effectiveness for early and later stages of FS).

conclusionThe results of this international Delphi study help to provide a consensus on key elements to consider in clinical practice related to etiology, risk factors, diagnosis, and management for those with FS.

Indexed as

BursitisDelphi TechniqueHumansRisk FactorsDelphiFrozen shoulderglenohumeral jointorthopedicsrange of motionshoulderstiffness

Identifiers

PMID40042389
PMCPMC12281644

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.