ArticleStructural equation modeling : a multidisciplinary journal2025
Are the Signs of Factor Loadings Arbitrary in Confirmatory Factor Analysis? Problems and Solutions.
Article in Structural equation modeling : a multidisciplinary journal, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
The replication crisis in social and behavioral sciences has raised concerns about the reliability and validity of empirical studies. While research in the literature has explored contributing factors to this crisis, the issues related to analytical tools have received less attention. This study focuses on a widely used analytical tool - confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) - and investigates one issue that is typically overlooked in practice: accurately estimating factor-loading signs. Incorrect loading signs can distort the relationship between observed variables and latent factors, leading to unreliable or invalid results in subsequent analyses. Our study aims to investigate and address the estimation problem of factor-loading signs in CFA models. Based on an empirical demonstration and Monte Carlo simulation studies, we found current methods have drawbacks in estimating loading signs. To address this problem, three solutions are proposed and proven to work effectively. The applications of these solutions are discussed and elaborated.
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