Impact of long-term cyanotoxin exposure on cattle: Biochemical, histological, and oxidative stress assessment.

Background and Aim: Cyanobacterial blooms, driven by anthropogenic and climatic changes, pose significant ecological and health threats. This study investigates the long-term effects of microcystins (MCs), potent cyanotoxins, on cattle at Lake des Oiseaux, a Ramsar-listed wetland in Algeria. Aligning with the "One Health" framework, the research evaluates the biochemical, histological, and oxidative stress impacts of MCs on livestock as environmental sentinels. Materials and Methods: A herd of 40 cattle (20 exposed and 20 non-exposed) was studied during the summer bloom period of 2019. Blood and liver samples were analyzed to assess biochemical markers (ALT, AST, ALP, GGT, etc.), histopathological changes, and oxidative stress parameters (GPx, CAT, SOD, LPO and GSH). Results: Exposed cattle exhibited significant elevations in liver enzymes and oxidative stress markers, indicating hepatic inflammation and redox imbalance. Histological analysis revealed macrovacuolar steatosis, fibrosis, and bile duct dilatation. Antioxidant enzyme activities (GPx, CAT and SOD) were reduced, with notable depletion of GSH levels and increased lipid peroxidation. These findings reflect the cumulative cytotoxic effects of MC exposure. Non-exposed cattle showed no such changes. Conclusion: Long-term MC exposure disrupts liver function and induces oxidative stress in cattle, implicating significant risks for both animal and human health. The bioaccumulation of cyanotoxins in livestock emphasizes the urgent need for preventive measures, including water monitoring, restricted livestock access to contaminated sites, and farmer education. These strategies are vital to mitigate risks under the "One Health" approach, ensuring sustainable livestock and public health.