ArticleLancet regional health. Americas2025
Differences in Long COVID severity by duration of illness, symptom evolution, and vaccination: a longitudinal cohort study from the INSPIRE group.
Article in Lancet regional health. Americas, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Factors influencing work ability and return-to-work in individuals affected by post-COVID: a systematic review.BMC public health · 2026Pooled it
- Intermittent fasting and a no-sugar diet for Long COVID symptoms: a randomized crossover trial.Scientific reports · 2025Trial
- The Impact of Long COVID on the Female Reproductive System: A Narrative Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Vascular inflammation in neuropsychiatric long COVID.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Mental and Physical Health Predictors of Return-to-Work Outcomes among Individuals with Long COVID Symptoms.International journal of behavioral medicine · 2026Article
- Article
- Pediatric SARS-CoV-2 outcomes study (PECOS): 12-month longitudinal analysis of post-COVID symptoms in infected versus uninfected participants.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Cost-effectiveness of a brief cognitive-behavioral outpatient rehabilitation program for patients with post-COVID-19 condition within a pragmatic randomized controlled trial.Cost effectiveness and resource allocation : C/E · 2026Article
- Obesity and Long COVID: intersecting epidemics?BMC public health · 2026Article
- Non-invasive electrodiagnostic testing for small fibre neuropathy in long COVID-19.BMJ neurology open · 2026Article
- Long COVID in adults - a current review of the long-term health effects following SARS-CoV-2 infection.Journal of health monitoring · 2026Article
- Long COVID and psychosocial factors among middle-aged and older adults. Results of the nationally representative German Ageing Survey.Aging clinical and experimental research · 2025Article
- Living With Persistent Respiratory Symptoms of Long COVID: Qualitative Study Among Brazilian Adults 12 Months After Acute Infection.Health expectations : an international journal of public participation in health care and health policy · 2025Article
- From Stagnation to Strategy: Challenges in Advancing Long COVID Research.Journal of evaluation in clinical practice · 2025Review
- Work Impairment and Financial Outcomes Among Adults With vs Without Long COVID.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Viral Infection Induces Alzheimer's Disease-Related Pathways and Senescence in iPSC-Derived Neuronal Models.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- B Cell Dynamics and Transitional B Cells in Long COVID.Current issues in molecular biology · 2025Article
- Vaccination and COVID-19: impact on long-COVID.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Effects of long COVID on healthcare utilization.PloS one · 2025Observational
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
24 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Background: Although short-term outcomes of Long COVID have been described, longer-term physical and mental health outcomes of Long COVID are less well-established. This study sought to assess differences in long-term physical and mental health outcomes extending up to three years among those with current, resolved, and no Long COVID, as well as duration of Long COVID and vaccination status. Methods: This was a prospective, multisite, study of participants with SARS-CoV-2 infection from 12/7/2020-8/29/2022, with data collected through 4/2/2024. Surveys included validated tools for physical and mental health. Data were analyzed by Long COVID status (never-had, resolved, current), Long COVID duration and vaccination status. Findings: Of 3663 participants, 2604 (71.1%) never had Long COVID, 994 (27.1%) reported current Long COVID, and 65 (1.8%) reported resolved Long COVID. Compared to never having Long COVID, current Long COVID had lower/worse scores for Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) version 29 Physical (7.8; 95% confidence interval [CI] 7.3-8.3) and Mental Health (9.4; 95% CI 8.8-10.1) and higher likelihood of moderate-to-high stress (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 2.0; 95% CI 1.6-2.4), moderate-to-high loneliness (aOR: 1.6; 95% CI 1.4-2.0), moderate-to-severe fatigue (aOR: 3.0; 95% CI 2.5-3.7), insufficient activity (aOR for Speedy Nutrition and Physical Activity Assessment ≤4: 0.6; 95% CI 0.5-0.7; aOR for Exercise Vital Sign ≤150 min/week: 0.7, 95% CI 0.6-1.0), and worse dyspnea (aOR: 5.0; 95% CI 4.3-5.8). Resolved Long COVID had lower scores for PROMIS Physical by 2.0 (95% CI 0.2-3.8) and Mental Health by 2.3 (95% CI 0.2-4.4) than the never-had-Long COVID cohort. Number of COVID-19 vaccinations was associated with better outcomes across all measures. Interpretation: Among participants followed up to 3 years after initial infection, those with current Long COVID had worse physical and mental health outcomes. The majority of those with Long COVID did not resolve, with less than 2% having resolved Long COVID. The resolved Long COVID cohort had moderately worse physical and mental health compared with those never-having-Long COVID. COVID-19 vaccination was associated with better outcomes. Funding: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
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