ArticleFrontiers in immunology2025
Dynamics of spike-specific neutralizing antibodies across five-year emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern reveal conserved epitopes that protect against severe COVID-19.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed.
- Multi-antigen coronavirus vaccine induces potent and durable cross-protection against multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- Article
- The Path Towards Effective Long-Lasting Tissue-Targeted Prime/Pull/Keep Herpes Simplex Therapeutic Vaccines.Vaccines · 2025Review
- SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Children: Revisiting Host-Virus Interactions Through Post-Infection Immune Profiling.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- A Multi-Antigen Broad-Spectrum Coronavirus Vaccine Induces Potent and Durable Cross-Protection Against Infection and Disease Caused by Multiple SARS-CoV-2 Variants.Research square · 2025Article
- Unraveling Dysgeusia in SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Clinical and Laboratory Insights from Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients in Romania.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Artificial intelligence and machine learning in the development of vaccines and immunotherapeutics-yesterday, today, and tomorrow.Frontiers in artificial intelligence · 2025Review
- Artificial intelligence-, organoid-, and organ-on-chip-powered models to improve pre-clinical animal testing of vaccines and immunotherapeutics: potential, progress, and challenges.Frontiers in artificial intelligence · 2025Review
- Review
- Application of the humanized mouse model in research into SARS-CoV-2 infection (Review).Medicine internationalReview
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11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Introduction: Since early 2020, several SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) continue to emerge, evading waning antibody mediated immunity produced by the current Spike-alone based COVID-19 vaccines. This caused a prolonged and persistent COVID-19 pandemic that is going to enter its fifth year. Thus, the need remains for innovative next generation vaccines that would incorporate protective Spike-derived B-cell epitopes that resist immune evasion. Methods: Towards that goal, in this study we (i) Screened the sequences of Spike among many VOCs and identified conserved and non-conserved linear B-cell epitopes; (ii) Compared titers and neutralization antibodies specific to these conserved and non-conserved B-cell epitopes from serum of symptomatic and asymptomatic COVID-19 patients that were exposed to multiple VOCs across the 5-year COVID-19 pandemic, and (iii) Compared protective efficacy of conserved versus non-conserved B-cell epitopes against the most pathogenic Delta variant in a "humanized" ACE-2/HLA transgenic mouse model. Results: We found robust conserved B-cell epitope-specific antibody titers and neutralization in sera from asymptomatic COVID-19 patients. In contrast, sera from symptomatic patients contained weaker antibody responses specific to conserved B-cell epitopes. A multi-epitope COVID-19 vaccine that incorporated the conserved B-cell epitopes, but not the non-conserved B-cell epitopes, significantly protected the ACE2/HLA transgenic mice against infection and COVID-19 like symptoms caused by the Delta variant. Discussion: These findings underscore the importance of conserved B-cell epitopes in generating robust protective immunity against severe COVID-19 symptoms caused by various VOCs, providing valuable insights for the development of broad-spectrum next generation Coronavirus vaccines capable of conferring cross-variant protective immunity.
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