ArticleEpidemiology and infection2025
The evolution and epidemiology of H3N2 canine influenza virus after 20 years in dogs.
Article in Epidemiology and infection, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Exposure of dogs to influenza A and B viruses.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2026Article
- Acquisition of amantadine resistance via M gene reassortment in canine H3N2 influenza virus and elucidation of the resistance mechanism.Virology journal · 2026Article
- First Detection, Molecular Characterization, and Phylogenetic Analysis of Canine Influenza Virus A (H3N2) in Pakistan.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2026Article
- Molecular Characterization of an H3N2 Canine Influenza Virus Isolated from a Dog in Jiangsu, China, in 2025.Veterinary sciences · 2025Article
- Hunting-training dogs and companion dogs in the Netherlands are frequently exposed to highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI H5) and human H1N1 virus, 2021-2023.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2025Article
- Mammalian adaptation and zoonotic risk of influenza A viruses in companion animals.Journal of veterinary science · 2025Review
- A veterinary virapalooza: a summary of the 2024 American Society for Virology (ASV) Veterinary/Zoonotic Virology Satellite Symposium and online H5N1 panel discussion.Journal of virology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The H3N2 canine influenza virus (CIV) emerged from an avian reservoir in Asia to circulate entirely among dogs for the last 20 years. The virus was first seen circulating outside Asian dog populations in 2015, in North America. Utilizing viral genomic data in addition to clinical reports and diagnostic testing data, we provide an updated analysis of the evolution and epidemiology of the virus in its canine host. CIV in dogs in North America is marked by a complex life history - including local outbreaks, regional lineage die-outs, and repeated reintroductions of the virus (with diverse genotypes) from different regions of Asia. Phylogenetic and Bayesian analysis reveal multiple CIV clades, and viruses from China have seeded recent North American outbreaks, with 2 or 3 introductions in the past 3 years. Genomic epidemiology confirms that within North America the virus spreads very rapidly among dogs in kennels and shelters in different regions - but then dies out locally. The overall epidemic therefore requires longer-distance dispersal of virus to maintain outbreaks over the long term. With a constant evolutionary rate over 20 years, CIV still appears best adapted to transmission in dense populations and has not gained properties for prolonged circulation among dogs.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.