Trial reportScientific reports2025
Analysis of stress responses in medical students during simulated pericardiocentesis training using virtual reality and 3D-printed mannequin.
Trial report in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Feasibility of a brief group-based immersive 360° mindfulness program for stress-related outcomes in health sciences students: a 4-week pre-post pilot study.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Application of a hybrid virtual-physical teaching model integrating mixed reality and 3D printing in clinical joint orthopedic education.Frontiers in surgery · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
We investigated the effectiveness of Virtual Reality (VR) and three-dimensional (3D)-printed mannequins in replicating stress levels during pericardiocentesis training and compared their impact on learners' emotional and physiological responses. A secondary analysis explored how demographic, lifestyle, and academic factors influence stress responses, providing deeper insights into the variability of physiological markers among medical trainees. We conducted a randomized study involving 108 final-year medical students (mean age: 23.6 years, 87% female) to compare stress responses during pericardiocentesis training using a 3D-printed mannequin and VR model as simulation modalities, both custom-designed by the research team. We investigated the influence of demographic, lifestyle, and academic factors, including medication use and perceived stress, on heart rate variability (HRV) markers. The two simulations showed similar HRV parameters, validating their effectiveness in replicating physiological stress levels associated with clinical scenarios. Secondary analysis revealed significant associations between the low frequency/high frequency ratio and family income and a trend-level effect for anxiolytic use, suggesting an interplay of socioeconomic and pharmacological factors on stress responses. Age and sex interacted significantly with HRV metrics, with younger students demonstrating heightened sympathetic activation. Our results suggest that the incorporation of VR into medical training programs may enhance learning outcomes and accessibility.
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Registered trials
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