A scoping review of children's and parents' attitudes to and awareness of digital food marketing.

Digital food marketing (DFM) of unhealthy foods and beverages (high in saturated fats, sugar and salt) to children and young people influences brand recall, recognition, purchase intentions and attitudes, and increases consumption of unhealthy foods and beverages. Understanding children's and parents' awareness of, and attitudes toward, such marketing is crucial for developing health-promoting advocacy and policy solutions. This registered systematic scoping review synthesized literature on children's, young people's and parents' attitudes and awareness of DFM. A structured search of Medline, PsycInfo, Academic Search Complete (Ebscohost), Scopus and CINAHL was conducted. Inclusion criteria were peer-reviewed studies focused on children (<18 years), young people (<24 years) or parents, published after 2000, examining attitudes or awareness of online marketing of food or non-alcoholic beverages. Data were extracted and charted in Excel. Forty studies were included for synthesis. Studies of children/young people (n = 31) show varying levels of awareness regarding DFM on social media and other digital media. While some understand social media marketing tactics, others struggle to recognize ads. Preferences lean towards influencer marketing and 'native' advertising styles. There is limited evidence on parents' views (n = 9 studies), but these suggest low parental awareness of digital marketing tactics targeting children, and unclear opinions on regulation. Overall, the findings suggest a need for a versatile, trans-disciplinary research and advocacy agenda to capture the complex and rapidly evolving digital marketing landscape, enhance critical digital literacies (including power inequalities) for both children and parents, increase knowledge-sharing and advocacy, and develop regulatory policies.