ArticleNucleic acids research2025
Tuning the tropism and infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 virus-like particles for mRNA delivery.
Article in Nucleic acids research, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed.
- Chimeric SARS-CoV-2 vaccine vectors stably incorporating the functional glycoprotein of VSV.iScience · 2026Article
- Multiscale structural evolution of proline-rich protein genes shapes primate salivary defenses.Molecular biology and evolution · 2026Article
- Rab10 coordinates SADS-CoV non-lytic egress through the ERGIC-TGN-lysosome trafficking pathway.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Evolutionary Balancing of Genetic Consequence and Innovation in Mammals Through Variable Number Tandem Repeats.Genome biology and evolution · 2026Review
- Engineering strategies and decision frameworks for virus-like particle-based vaccines against infectious diseases.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- mRNA vaccine platforms and novel delivery systems: From mechanistic principles to clinical translation.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Review
- Editor's Choice Protein engineering strategies to develop lectins by design.Glycobiology · 2025Review
- Saliva Protein Genes in Humans were Shaped During Primate Evolution.Genome biology and evolution · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus-like particles (VLPs) are ∼100-nm-sized bioinspired mimetics of the authentic virus. We undertook molecular engineering to optimize the VLP platform for messenger RNA (mRNA) delivery. Cloning the nucleocapsid protein upstream of M-IRES-E resulted in a three-plasmid (3P) VLP system that displayed ∼7-fold higher viral entry efficiency compared with VLPs formed by co-transfection with four plasmids. More than 90% of human ACE2-expressing cells could be transduced using these 3P VLPs. Viral tropism could be programmed by switching glycoproteins from other viral strains, including other betacoronaviruses and the vesicular stomatitis virus G protein. An infectious two-plasmid VLP system was also advanced where one vector carried the viral surface glycoprotein and the second carried the remaining SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins and reporter gene. SARS-CoV-2 VLPs could be engineered to carry up to four transgenes, including functional Cas9 mRNA for genome editing. Gene editing of specific target cell types was feasible by modifying VLP tropism. Successful mRNA delivery to mouse lungs suggests that the SARS-CoV-2 VLPs can overcome natural biological barriers to enable pulmonary gene delivery. Overall, the study describes the advancement of the SARS-CoV-2 VLP platform for robust mRNA delivery both in vitro and in vivo.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.