ArticleThe Journal of infectious diseases2025
Molecular Evolution and Epidemiology of Norovirus GII.4 Viruses in the United States.
Article in The Journal of infectious diseases, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed.
- Balancing under constraint: Structural insights into norovirus evolution and antigenic innovation.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Global trends in norovirus genotype distribution among medically attended children with acute gastroenteritis, 2020-2025.Journal of clinical virology : the official publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology · 2026Article
- Emergence and predominance of GII.17[P17] noroviruses in Brazil, 2023-2024.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Identifying intra-hospital Norovirus GII transmission using whole-genome sequencing.Genome medicine · 2026Article
- Clinical, Molecular and Evolutionary Characterization of Noroviruses in Hospitalized Children With Acute Gastroenteritis in Vietnam, 2016 to 2021.Journal of medical virology · 2026Article
- Sustained persistence of blockade antibodies against emerging GII.4 and GII.17 noroviruses revealed by a 5-year community-based serological study.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Human norovirus persists longer than Escherichia coli in sandy soil, independent of plant decaying materials.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Chronic persistent Norovirus in the immune-compromised host.Current opinion in infectious diseases · 2025Review
- Functional diversity in GII.4 norovirus entry: HBGA binding and capsid clustering dynamics.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Increasing Predominance of Norovirus GII.17 over GII.4, United States, 2022-2025.Emerging infectious diseases · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundNoroviruses are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide, with GII.4 Sydney viruses responsible for the majority of infections until 2023.
methodsTo study the evolutionary dynamics of GII.4 noroviruses in the United States (2011-2023), we sequenced and analyzed 406 VP1 and 335 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase sequences submitted to CaliciNet.
resultsTime-scale analysis showed that the average evolutionary rate of GII.4 strains was 5.56 × 10-3 substitutions per site per year. GII.4 Sydney viruses circulated throughout the entire study period albeit with 4 polymerase types (GII.P31, GII.P16, GII.P4 and GII.P12). From 2011-2015, GII.4 Sydney[P31] dominated followed by GII.4 Sydney[P16] from 2016-2020, and the new sub-lineage GII.4 Sydney[P16]-2020 from 2021-to present. Since 2017, we observed the emergence of 3 novel GII.4 clusters based on amino acids in VP1: GII.4 San Francisco, GII.4 Allegany, and GII.4 Wichita. GII.4 San Francisco and GII.4 Allegany had a GII.P31 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, whereas GII.4 Wichita strains had GII.P4. GII.4 Allegany and GII.4 Wichita exhibited major amino acid substitutions in epitopes A to E, G, and H, while GII.4 San Francisco viruses have an alanine insertion in epitope A. GII.4 Allegany and GII.4 Wichita virus-like particles bound porcine gastric mucin at a similar level as GII.4 New Orleans and GII.4 Sydney. However, blocking of binding to virus-like particles by human serum pools demonstrated that their antigenicity was significantly different.
conclusionsWe identified 3 new GII.4 noroviruses cocirculating with GII.4 Sydney. Early detection of new strains will aid in tracking their spread and assessing their pandemic potential.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.