ArticleJournal of veterinary internal medicine
Vaccination and Seasonality as Risk Factors for Development of Meningoencephalitis of Unknown Origin in 172 Dogs.
Article in Journal of veterinary internal medicine. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Investigation and systematic review of temporal associations between vaccination and onset of immune-mediated hemolytic anemia or thrombocytopenia in dogs.Journal of veterinary internal medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Meningoencephalitis of unknown origin in dogs under veterinary referral care in England (2017-2021): a multicenter case control study.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundMeningoencephalitis of unknown origin (MUO) is a neuroinflammatory disease that is suspected to be immune-mediated. Vaccination and season inconsistently have been reported as risk factors for development of MUO in dogs, but limited prospectively collected data is available to evaluate these potential risk factors.
objectiveProspectively evaluate the association between vaccination and season and the development of MUO in dogs. ANIMALS: A total of 172 client-owned dogs diagnosed with MUO.
methodsDogs were enrolled prospectively from August 2021 through July 2023. Signalment, body weight, vaccination history, and season of onset of neurologic signs were recorded. The incidence rate ratio (IRR) of MUO within various post-vaccination windows was statistically compared to a referent window of 451-560 days post-vaccination. The incidence rate (IR) of MUO in each season was compared statistically.
resultsOf dogs vaccinated within the previous 450 days, MUO IRR was highest in the first 0-45 days (IRR = 9.14; confidence interval [CI] = 4.04-20.71), followed by 46-90 days (IRR = 4.86; CI = 2.01-11.71) and 91-180 days (IRR = 4.86; CI = 2.15-10.96) post-vaccination compared to the 451-560 day post-vaccination referent window. The MUO IR was slightly more common in the spring (28.5%) and least common in the summer (19.8%). No significant difference in IR between seasons was identified. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: In dogs with potential vaccine-associated MUO, the highest risk to develop MUO may be in the first 45 days post-vaccination. A slowly developing immune response to vaccination over 3-6 months may occur in some dogs. There is no apparent association between season and the development of MUO.
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