Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40034653›Full record

ArticleBMJ neurology open2025

Development of a diagnostic checklist to identify functional cognitive disorder versus other neurocognitive disorders.

Verónica Cabreira, Jane Alty, Sonja Antic, Rui Araujo, Selma Aybek, Harriet A Ball, Gaston Baslet, Rohan Bhome, Jan Coebergh, Bruno Dubois and 41 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in BMJ neurology open, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
6citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

6 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Cognitive Trajectories After Hospitalization for COVID-19: A 36-Month Longitudinal Study.The Journal of neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences · 2026
    Article
  2. Article
  3. The Journal of neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences · 2026
    Article
  4. Article
  5. Review
  6. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

51 authors.

Verónica CabreiraCentre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.ORCID 0000-0001-9945-7681
Jane AltyWicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.ORCID 0000-0002-5456-8676
Sonja AnticNeurology, Aarhus Universitetshospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
Rui AraujoNeurology, Centro Hospitalar Universitario de Sao Joao, Porto, Portugal.
Selma AybekNeurology, University of Fribourg Faculty of Science and Medicine, Fribourg, Switzerland.
Harriet A BallUniversity of Bristol Faculty of Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Bristol, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-2137-7582
Gaston BasletPsychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-3039-582X
Rohan BhomeDementia Research Centre, University College London, London, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-8317-7930
Jan CoeberghSt George's University of London, London, London, UK.ORCID 0000-0003-2357-6988
Bruno DuboisDepartment of Neurology, Institut de la mémoire et de la maladie d'Alzheimer, Centre de Référence 'Démences Rares', Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France.
Mark EdwardsDepartment of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK.
Sasa R FilipovicInstitute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
Kristian Steen FrederiksenClinical Trial Unit, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Thomas HarboNeurology, Aarhus Universitetshospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
Bradleigh HayhowNeurology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia.
Robert HowardDivision of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK.
Jonathan HuntleyDivision of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK.
Jeremy Darryl IsaacsDepartment of Neurology, St George's Hospital, London, UK.
Curt LaFranceAlpert Medical School Area Health Education Centre, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.
Andrew LarnerCognitive Function Clinic, Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Liverpool, UK.
Francesco Di LorenzoDepartment of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology, Fondazione Santa Lucia Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Roma, Italy.
James MainBristol Dementia Wellbeing Service, Devon Partnership NHS Trust, Bristol, UK.
Elizabeth MallamNorth Bristol NHS Trust, Westbury on Trym, UK.
Camillo MarraUniversita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Sede di Roma, Roma, Italy.
João MassanoNeurology, Centro Hospitalar Universitario de Sao Joao, Porto, Portugal.
Emer R McGrathUniversity of Galway School of Medicine, Galway, Ireland.ORCID 0000-0002-3589-2964
Isabel Portela MoreiraNeurology Department, Private Hospital of Gaia of the Trofa Saúde Group, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal.ORCID 0000-0002-0233-5416
Flavio NobiliIRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.ORCID 0000-0001-9811-0897
Suvankar PalAnne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
Catherine M PenningtonCentre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
Miguel Tábuas-PereiraNeurology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.ORCID 0000-0002-3988-614X
David PerezNeurology and Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-2721-583X
Stoyan PopkirovDepartment of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.
Dane RaymentRosa Burden Centre for Neuropsychiatry, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK.
Martin RossorDementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.ORCID 0000-0001-8215-3120
Mirella RussoDepartment of Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Gabriele d'Annunzio University of Chieti and Pescara, Chieti, Italy.ORCID 0000-0002-9937-5923
Isabel SantanaNeurology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
Jonathan SchottDementia Research Centre, Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
Emmi P ScottMedical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.
Ricardo TaipaNeuropathology Unit, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Santo António, Porto, Portugal.
Tiago TeodoroNeurology, St George's University of London, London, UK.ORCID 0000-0003-4501-5532
Michele TinazziDepartment of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
Svetlana TomicNeurology, University Hospital Center, Osijek, Croatia.
Sofia TonioloCognitive Disorder Clinic, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Caroline Winther TørringNeurology, Aarhus Universitetshospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
Tim WilkinsonCentre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.ORCID 0000-0001-8952-0982
Martin ZeidlerNeurology, NHS Fife, Kirkcaldy, UK.
Lisbeth FrostholmDepartment of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus Universitetshospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
Laura McWhirterCentre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.ORCID 0000-0001-9839-6549
Jon StoneCentre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.ORCID 0000-0001-9829-8092
Alan CarsonCentre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background: Functional cognitive disorder (FCD) poses a diagnostic challenge due to its resemblance to other neurocognitive disorders and limited biomarker accuracy. We aimed to develop a new diagnostic checklist to identify FCD versus other neurocognitive disorders. Methods: The clinical checklist was developed through mixed methods: (1) a literature review, (2) a three-round Delphi study with 45 clinicians from 12 countries and (3) a pilot discriminative accuracy study in consecutive patients attending seven memory services across the UK. Items gathering consensus were incorporated into a pilot checklist. Item redundancy was evaluated with phi coefficients. A briefer checklist was produced by removing items with >10% missing data. Internal validity was tested using Cronbach's alpha. Optimal cut-off scores were determined using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Results: A full 11-item checklist and a 7-item briefer checklist were produced. Overall, 239 patients (143 FCD, 96 non-FCD diagnoses) were included. The checklist scores were significantly different across subgroups (FCD and other neurocognitive disorders) (F(2, 236)=313.3, p<0.001). The area under the curve was excellent for both the full checklist (0.97, 95% CI 0.95 to 0.99) and its brief version (0.96, 95% CI 0.93 to 0.98). Optimal cut-off scores corresponded to a specificity of 97% and positive predictive value of 91% for identifying FCD. Both versions showed good internal validity (>0.80). Conclusions: This pilot study shows that a brief clinical checklist may serve as a quick complementary tool to differentiate patients with neurodegeneration from those with FCD. Prospective blind large-scale validation in diverse populations is warranted.Cite Now.

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ALZHEIMER'S DISEASECOGNITIONDEMENTIA

Identifiers

PMID40034653
PMCPMC11873336

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