Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40034474›Full record

ArticleInfection prevention in practice2025

Determinants of non-compliance with hand hygiene using a covert direct observation methodology.

Majid M Alshamrani, Aiman El-Saed, Fatmah Othman, Mohammed Al Zunitan, Seema Noushad, Ayham Albadawi, Eman Alghamdi, Saad Almohrij

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Infection prevention in practice, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Observational
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Majid M AlshamraniInfection Prevention and Control Department, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Aiman El-SaedInfection Prevention and Control Department, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Fatmah OthmanKing Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Mohammed Al ZunitanInfection Prevention and Control Department, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Seema NoushadInfection Prevention and Control Department, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Ayham AlbadawiInfection Prevention and Control Department, King Abdullah Specialist Children Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Eman AlghamdiInfection Prevention and Control Department, King Abdullah Specialist Children Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Saad AlmohrijKing Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background: The Hawthorne effect may result in an overestimation of hand hygiene (HH) compliance during routine observations, which may weaken the significance of factors associated with non-compliance. The aim of this study was to examine professional and healthcare determinants of HH non-compliance using covert observation. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was conducted among healthcare workers (HCWs) at a tertiary care hospital in Saudi Arabia. HH observations were conducted discreetly by trained observers, followed by a questionnaire and an audit to identify possible determinants of HH non-compliance. HH non-compliance was assessed according to the World Health Organisation's (WHO) five-moments for HH, while inappropriate compliance was evaluated by additionally considering incorrect HH technique. Results: A total of 6580 HH opportunities were observed by 502 HCWs. The overall non-compliance rate was 54.1% with inappropriate compliance at 71.1%. Significant factors associated ( Conclusions: The findings underscore the importance of HH training and supportive healthcare infrastructures. These insights may assist decision-makers in identifying specific work environment factors that could improve HH compliance through appropriate interventions. Further research is required to evaluate the impact of these suggested modifications on HH compliance.

Indexed as

ComplianceHand hygieneHealthcareProfessionalRemove environmentalRisk factorsSaudi Arabia

Identifiers

PMID40034474
PMCPMC11872581

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.