ArticleHeliyon2025
Global, regional and national trends in the burden of intracranial hemorrhage, 1990-2021: Results from the Global Burden of Disease study.
Article in Heliyon, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed.
- Chronic high-altitude exposure and intracerebral hemorrhage: A novel perspective from the vascular-immune-neuronal network.Neuroprotection (Chichester, England) · 2026Review
- A Resource-Efficient Hybrid Deep Learning Framework with External Validation for Intracranial Hemorrhage Detection in CT Scans.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Global Burden of Intracerebral Hemorrhage, 1990-2021, and Projections to 2050: A Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.Journal of Korean medical science · 2026Article
- The Dual Role of VEGF in Intracerebral Haemorrhage: From Pathological Mechanisms to Therapeutic Opportunities.Revista de neurologia · 2026Review
- Attributable risk and time trend in hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke mortality due to high sodium intake in Zhenjiang City from 2010 to 2021: an Age-Period-Cohort (APC) analysis.Frontiers in stroke · 2026Article
- Sex Differences in Stroke Risk Factors and Mechanisms in a Multi-Ethnic Asian Population.Journal of cardiovascular development and disease · 2025Article
- Stroke burden analysis attributable to ambient and household PMScientific reports · 2025Article
- Intracranial hemorrhage segmentation and classification framework in computer tomography images using deep learning techniques.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Global burden of subarachnoid hemorrhage attributable to ambient PMFrontiers in public health · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a significant global public health issue that is characterized by a rapid start, severe symptoms, and a poor prognosis. It is the most common type of hemorrhagic stroke. We analyzed global intracranial hemorrhage incidence, mortality, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and corresponding age-standardized rates (ASRs) and estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) by using GBD 2021 data. The data were further stratified by age, sex, and region to assess the global burden of ICH from 1990 to 2021, providing the most up-to-date epidemiologic reference data for public health prevention and treatment strategies. In 2021, there were 3,444,300 (95 % UI, 305.30 to 381.20) new cases, 3,308,400 (302.11-359.47) deaths and 79,457,400 (7230.45-8548.02) DALYs. The burden of intracranial hemorrhage was higher in Oceania and Southeast Asia (Age-standardized DALY rates of 2582.46 per 100,000 and 1976.78 per 100,000), but lower in Australasia (126.59), high-income North America (221.19), and Western Europe (161.23). Of the 204 countries and territories globally, the burden of intracranial hemorrhage is higher in countries such as Nauru, Solomon Islands and Marshall Islands. From 1990 to 2021, global age-standardized incidence rates (ASIR), age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR), and age-standardized DALY rates (ASDR) declined, corresponding to EAPCs of -1.52, -1.63 and -1.75, with females declining more than males. In 2021, the most significant risk factor for ICH was high systolic blood pressure, accounting for 56.4 % of total DALYs for intracranial hemorrhage. Other major risk factors include: ambient particulate matter pollution, smoking, solid fuel pollution of household air, high sodium diet, and renal dysfunction. We need to target interventions at relevant risk factors, such as hypertension management, environmental particulate management, smoking cessation campaigns, focusing on high-risk groups and high-burden areas, and continue to deepen the implementation of the universal primary prevention strategy.
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