Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40033447›Full record

SynthesisJournal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation2025

Effects of brain-computer interface based training on post-stroke upper-limb rehabilitation: a meta-analysis.

Dan Li, Ruoyu Li, Yunping Song, Wenting Qin, Guangli Sun, Yunxi Liu, Yunjun Bao, Lingyu Liu, Lingjing Jin

Registry-linked trialAbstract readMeta-AnalysisReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07327710 (Efficacy and Safety of Non-Invasive Brain-Computer Interface Combined With Transcranial Electrical Stimulation in the Treatment of Peripheral Facial Palsy), which is not on this map. Cited by 25 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
25citing papers in PubMed, 8 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT07327710 naenrolling by invitationnot on this map

Efficacy and Safety of Non-Invasive Brain-Computer Interface Combined With Transcranial Electrical Stimulation in the Treatment of Peripheral Facial Palsy

TypeinterventionalSponsorNanjing Medical UniversityRan2025 to 2028Enrolled30ConditionsPeripheral Facial Palsy, Pulsed Radiofrequency, Brain-Computer Interface, Transcranial Direct Current StimulationArmsBrain-Computer Interface （BCI）, Pulsed Radiofrequency （PRF）, Standard Therapy
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

25 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Dan Li *Department of Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation, Shanghai Disabled Persons' Federation Key Laboratory of Intelligent Rehabilitation Assistive Devices and Technologies, Shanghai Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, , Tongji University, Shanghai, 201619, China.ORCID 0009-0000-9748-3245
Ruoyu Li *Department of Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation, Shanghai Disabled Persons' Federation Key Laboratory of Intelligent Rehabilitation Assistive Devices and Technologies, Shanghai Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, , Tongji University, Shanghai, 201619, China.
Yunping SongDepartment of Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation, Shanghai Disabled Persons' Federation Key Laboratory of Intelligent Rehabilitation Assistive Devices and Technologies, Shanghai Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, , Tongji University, Shanghai, 201619, China.
Wenting QinDepartment of Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation, Shanghai Disabled Persons' Federation Key Laboratory of Intelligent Rehabilitation Assistive Devices and Technologies, Shanghai Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, , Tongji University, Shanghai, 201619, China.
Guangli SunDepartment of Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation, Shanghai Disabled Persons' Federation Key Laboratory of Intelligent Rehabilitation Assistive Devices and Technologies, Shanghai Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, , Tongji University, Shanghai, 201619, China.
Yunxi LiuDepartment of Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation, Shanghai Disabled Persons' Federation Key Laboratory of Intelligent Rehabilitation Assistive Devices and Technologies, Shanghai Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, , Tongji University, Shanghai, 201619, China.
Yunjun BaoDepartment of Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation, Shanghai Disabled Persons' Federation Key Laboratory of Intelligent Rehabilitation Assistive Devices and Technologies, Shanghai Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, , Tongji University, Shanghai, 201619, China.
Lingyu LiuDepartment of Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation, Shanghai Disabled Persons' Federation Key Laboratory of Intelligent Rehabilitation Assistive Devices and Technologies, Shanghai Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, , Tongji University, Shanghai, 201619, China. Happyneurologist@163.com.
Lingjing JinDepartment of Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation, Shanghai Disabled Persons' Federation Key Laboratory of Intelligent Rehabilitation Assistive Devices and Technologies, Shanghai Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, , Tongji University, Shanghai, 201619, China. lingjingjin@163.com.ORCID 0000-0001-7199-2578

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundPrevious research has used the brain-computer interface (BCI) to promote upper-limb motor rehabilitation. However, the results of these studies were variable, leaving efficacy unclear.

objectivesThis review aims to evaluate the effects of BCI-based training on post-stroke upper-limb rehabilitation and identify potential factors that may affect the outcome.

designA meta-analysis including all available randomized-controlled clinical trials (RCTs) that reported the efficacy of BCI-based training on upper-limb motor rehabilitation after stroke. DATA SOURCES AND

methodsWe searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science before September 15, 2024, for relevant studies. The primary efficacy outcome was the Fugl-Meyer Assessment-Upper extremity (FMA-UE). RevMan 5.4.1 with a random effect model was used for data synthesis and analysis. Mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) were calculated.

resultsTwenty-one RCTs (n = 886 patients) were reviewed in the meta-analysis. Compared with control, BCI-based training exerted significant effects on FMA-UE (MD = 3.69, 95%CI 2.41-4.96, P < 0.00001, moderate-quality evidence), Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT) (MD = 5.00, 95%CI 2.14-7.86, P = 0.0006, low-quality evidence), and Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) (MD = 2.04, 95%CI 0.25-3.82, P = 0.03, high-quality evidence). Additionally, BCI-based training was effective on FMA-UE for both subacute (MD = 4.24, 95%CI 1.81-6.67, P = 0.0006) and chronic patients (MD = 2.63, 95%CI 1.50-3.76, P < 0.00001). BCI combined with functional electrical stimulation (FES) (MD = 4.37, 95%CI 3.09-5.65, P < 0.00001), robots (MD = 2.87, 95%CI 0.69-5.04, P = 0.010), and visual feedback (MD = 4.46, 95%CI 0.24-8.68, P = 0.04) exhibited significant effects on FMA-UE. BCI combined with FES significantly improved FMA-UE for both subacute (MD = 5.31, 95%CI 2.58-8.03, P = 0.0001) and chronic patients (MD = 3.71, 95%CI 2.44-4.98, P < 0.00001), and BCI combined with robots was effective for chronic patients (MD = 1.60, 95%CI 0.15-3.05, P = 0.03). Better results may be achieved with daily training sessions ranging from 20 to 90 min, conducted 2-5 sessions per week for 3-4 weeks.

conclusionsBCI-based training may be a reliable rehabilitation program to improve upper-limb motor impairment and function.

trial registrationPROSPERO registration ID: CRD42022383390.

Indexed as

Brain-Computer InterfacesStroke RehabilitationUpper ExtremityHumansRandomized Controlled Trials as TopicStrokeBrain-computer interfaceMotor impairmentRehabilitationStrokeUpper-limb

Identifiers

PMID40033447
PMCPMC11874405

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.