Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40032847›Full record

ArticleNature communications2025

Origin and evolution of the North Atlantic Oscillation.

Zhihong Song, Ji Nie, Panxi Dai, Zhongxi Lin, Jiaqi Guo, Jiawenjing Lan, Xiang Li, Qifan Lin, Zihan Yin, Jun Yang and 3 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Nature communications, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Zhihong SongLaboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0009-6168-055X
Ji NieLaboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China. jinie@pku.edu.cn.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9829-8604
Panxi DaiDepartment of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
Zhongxi LinLaboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China.
Jiaqi GuoLaboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0140-6550
Jiawenjing LanLaboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5206-9198
Xiang LiLaboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8670-9499
Qifan LinLaboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China.
Zihan YinLaboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China.
Jun YangLaboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6031-2485
Yonggang LiuLaboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8844-2185
Haijun YangDepartment of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
Yongyun HuLaboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China. yyhu@pku.edu.cn.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4003-4630

Funding

National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China) 42488201
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), the dominant mode of atmospheric variability in the North Atlantic region, plays a crucial role in weather and climate. Here, to investigate when the NAO emerged and how it evolved over geological timescales, we analyzed time-slice paleoclimate simulations during the breakup of the supercontinent Pangea, starting 160 million years ago (Ma). Our findings indicate that a present-day-like NAO mode gradually formed between 80 Ma and 60 Ma, driven by the expansion of the North Atlantic Ocean and the enhanced land-ocean contrast. This expansion led to a regime transition in Northern Hemisphere winter circulation, characterized by a westward shift of the North Atlantic jet, a strengthening of the North Atlantic high pressure and storm track, and the emergence of NAO-like variability. The confluence of orographic effects of the Rocky Mountains also contributed to the strengthening of the NAO. This study depicts the evolutionary history of the NAO over geological time and reveals its coherent relationship with the evolution of continents and orography.

Identifiers

PMID40032847
PMCPMC11876344

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.