ArticlePloS one2025
Reported severity of psychotic, depressive and anxiety symptoms in relation to bilingual language profile: An exploratory study and the validation of Basque versions of the PQ-B, DASS-42, PHQ-9 and GAD-7.
Article in PloS one, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Dietary Micronutrient Intake and Its Associations with Memory Function, Mental Health, and Sleep Quality among Medical University Students: A Network Analysis.Iranian journal of psychiatry · 2026Article
- Relationship between socio-linguistic factors and symptoms of depression, anxiety and psychosis in the general population.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- Alterations of the skin microbiome in multiple system atrophy: a pilot study.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundLanguage plays a crucial role in health care and especially in mental health, since the use of the native language helps to make a good diagnosis as several studies have shown.
aimWe studied the influence of language on the accurate detection of psychotic and affective symptoms, exploring differences in the severity of reported symptomatology in a bilingual Basque-Spanish population.
methodsThe study uses the Prodromal Questionnaire-Brief for the detection of psychosis and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-7, and Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-42 for the assessment of stress, anxiety and depression. Basque versions of the scales were developed and their psychometric properties were evaluated in a sample of 623 individuals, including 521 from the general population and 102 psychiatric patients. Possible relations between questionnaire scores and four linguistic factors, namely first language (L1), proficiency, age of acquisition and language exposure, were examined.
resultsThe four translated questionnaires showed adequate sensitivity, goodness-of-fit, and reliability indices, thus validating their suitability for general and clinical settings. The results showed that reporting of depressive symptoms seemed to be modulated by linguistic variables, mainly L1, whereas the severity of psychotic symptoms was less reliably associated with the gathered linguistic factors.
conclusionsOverall, our results suggest that language of assessment by means of written instruments may have a limited impact on healthcare outcomes in balanced bilingual populations. The study enriches the understanding by considering various linguistic factors beyond L1, and by exploring the effect of these factors on affective symptoms, apart from psychotic ones.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.