Botanical sources, biopharmaceutical profile, anticancer effects with mechanistic insight, toxicological and clinical evidence of prunetin: a literature review.

Prunetin (PRU), a naturally occurring flavonoid, has gained recognition for its wide-ranging therapeutic benefits, though its anticancer properties have yet to be extensively reviewed. This study explores the potential of PRU in targeting critical molecular pathways involved in tumor progression, including oxidative stress, apoptosis, cell cycle regulation, and metastasis. Data were compiled from reputable sources, including PubMed, Springer Link, Scopus, Wiley Online, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. The findings emphasize PRU's ability to mitigate oxidative stress, promote apoptosis, and regulate the cell cycle in cancer cells. Its anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic properties further enhance its effectiveness against cancer. Mechanistic studies reveal that PRU suppresses oncogenic pathways such as PI3K/Akt/mTOR (Phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Protein kinase B/Mammalian target of rapamycin) while activating tumor-suppressor mechanisms. Experimental models show that PRU effectively inhibits cancer cell proliferation and metastasis. Additionally, PRU exhibits favorable pharmacokinetics, demonstrating high intestinal absorption (95.5%), good Caco-2 permeability, and metabolism via CYP1A2, CYP2C19, CYP2C9, and CYP3A4, though it has poor blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and limited aqueous solubility, posing challenges for systemic bioavailability. Beyond its anticancer properties, PRU displays broad pharmacological relevance, including anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, anti-obesity, and osteoprotective effects, mediated through pathways, such as NF-κB, MAPK, and AMPK. Toxicological studies indicate a favorable safety profile, with low cytotoxicity in normal cells and no significant toxicity at high doses in preclinical models. While clinical evidence on PRU remains limited, studies on structurally related isoflavones suggest promising therapeutic potential, necessitating further clinical trials to establish its efficacy and safety in humans.