ArticleJournal of racial and ethnic health disparities2026
Citizenship Status and Race/Ethnicity: Inequities in Access to Paid Family and Medical Leave and Workplace Flexibility.
Article in Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
objectivesRacial and ethnic minorities face disparities in access to paid family and medical leave (PFML) and workplace flexibility compared to non-Hispanic white workers. This study examines a new layer of inequity: citizenship status. Understanding citizenship-based disparities can inform policy changes to increase access to these benefits for all workers. STUDY
designThis cross-sectional analysis of the American Time Use Survey (2017-2018) focused on Hispanics, non-Hispanic Asians, and non-Hispanic White workers (N = 8602).
methodsWe used weighted multivariate logistic regressions to investigate inequities in access to PFML and workplace flexibility across racial, ethnic, and citizenship categories. All models controlled for demographic, socioeconomic, and employment characteristics and included state fixed effects.
resultsDespite overall low access (51.9% for PFML, 56.7% for flexible work hours, and 30.2% for work-from-home options), the study revealed significant disparities across race/ethnicity and citizenship status. In the fully adjusted models, non-citizen White (OR = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.28-0.93), US citizen Hispanic (OR = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.53-0.81), non-citizen Hispanic (OR = 0.37, 95% CI = 0.25-0.56), citizen Asian (OR = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.42-0.82), and non-citizen Asian workers (OR = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.31-0.85) had statistically significant lower odds of reporting access to paid family and medical leave compared to citizen White workers. In addition, non-citizen Hispanic workers had the lowest predicted probabilities of reporting being able to work from home.
conclusionsThis study underscores the need for equitable workplace policies. Addressing the unique challenges faced by different racial/ethnic and citizenship groups is crucial to achieving health equity.
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