Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40025942›Full record

ArticleAdvanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)2025

Thermal Processing Creates Water-Stable PEDOT:PSS Films for Bioelectronics.

Siddharth Doshi, Margaux O A Forner, Pingyu Wang, Salim El Hadwe, Amy T Jin, Gerwin Dijk, Kenneth Brinson, Juhwan Lim, Antonio Dominguez-Alfaro, Carina Yi Jing Lim and 7 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
20citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

20 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Laser-Defined States and Hydration-Driven Relaxation in PEDOT:PSS.Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2026
    Article
  2. Water-processable PSS-free PEDOT:NOMaterials advances · 2026
    Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Review
  7. Review
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Review
  11. PEDOT:PSS-A Key Material for Bioelectronics.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026
    Review
  12. Article
  13. Review
  14. Review
  15. Wide-Flow Aerosol Jet Printing Enables High-Throughput, Ultra-Low Aspect Ratio Patterning.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026
    Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Review
  20. Thermal Processing Creates Water-Stable PEDOT:PSS Films for Bioelectronics.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2025
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

17 authors.

Siddharth DoshiDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6338-4863
Margaux O A FornerElectrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6742-9125
Pingyu WangDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9249-6642
Salim El HadweElectrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5521-524X
Amy T JinDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7396-2639
Gerwin DijkDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2482-9828
Kenneth BrinsonDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
Juhwan LimCavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK.
Antonio Dominguez-AlfaroElectrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3215-9732
Carina Yi Jing LimDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7172-9726
Alberto SalleoDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7448-9123
Damiano G BaroneElectrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0091-385X
Guosong HongDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
Mark L BrongersmaDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1777-8970
Nicholas A MeloshDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2601-1379
George G MalliarasElectrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4582-8501
Scott T KeeneElectrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6635-670X

Funding

Cambridge; Cambridge Royce Facilities EP/P024947/1Division of Electrical, Communications and Cyber Systems ECCS-1542152Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council EP/W017091/1H2020 European Research Council 101022365Henry Royce Institute EP/R00661X/1Meta ResearchNational Science Foundation ECCS-2026822Wellcome TrustWu Tsai Human Performance AllianceWu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors have emerged as a key material for the development of bioelectronic devices due to their soft mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and high volumetric capacitance. In particular, PEDOT:PSS has become a choice material because it is highly conductive, easily processible, and commercially available. However, PEDOT:PSS is dispersible in water, leading to delamination of films when exposed to biological environments. For this reason, chemical cross-linking agents such as (3-glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (GOPS) are used to stabilize PEDOT:PSS films in water, but at the cost of decreased electrical performance. Here, it is shown that PEDOT:PSS thin films become water-stable by simply baking at high temperatures (>150 °C) for a short time (≈ 2 min). It is shown that heat-treated PEDOT:PSS films are as stable as their chemically-cross-linked counterparts, with their performance maintained for >20 days both in vitro and in vivo. The heat-treated films eliminate electrically insulating cross-linkers, resulting in a 3× increase in volumetric capacitance. Applying thermal energy using a focused femtosecond laser enables direct patterning of 3D PEDOT:PSS microstructures. The thermal treatment method is compatible with a wide range of substrates and is readily substituted into existing workflows for manufacturing devices, enabling its rapid adoption in the field of bioelectronics.

Indexed as

conductive polymerselectrochemical transistorsimplantable probeslaser patterningpolymer processing

Identifiers

PMID40025942
PMCPMC11962680

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.