ArticleInternational endodontic journal2026
Evaluation of the performance of ChatGPT-4 and ChatGPT-4o as a learning tool in endodontics.
Article in International endodontic journal, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed.
- Impact of guideline-based prompting on the large language model performance in dental trauma management clinical decision-making.Odontology · 2026Article
- Performance Comparison of a Domain-Specific Chatbot and General-Purpose Chatbots in Dental Traumatology.Dental traumatology : official publication of International Association for Dental Traumatology · 2026Article
- Accuracy and Temporal Consistency of ChatGPT and Gemini in Responding to Textbook and Patient-Oriented Dental Bleaching Questions: A Multi-Session Comparative Study.Journal of esthetic and restorative dentistry : official publication of the American Academy of Esthetic Dentistry ... [et al.] · 2026Article
- Large Language Models for Endodontic Symptom Assessment and Treatment Planning Using Image-Free Clinical Records: Comparative Evaluation Study.JMIR medical informatics · 2026Article
- Performance of large language models on undergraduate endodontic multiple-choice questions.BMC oral health · 2026Article
- Can artificial intelligence applications be utilised in the management of dental trauma? A comparison of ChatGPT, Gemini, and DeepSeek.BMC oral health · 2026Article
- Large language models and generative artificial intelligence in endodontics: a scoping review.Odontology · 2026Review
- How Reliably Do Large Language Models Reproduce Vital Pulp Therapy Guidelines? A Mixed-Effects Evaluation of Guideline-Concordance and Error Directionality.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Evaluation of the accuracy, consistency, and scientific reliability of AI-powered Chatbots in endodontic practice.Acta odontologica Scandinavica · 2026Article
- Are chatbots reliable sources of information regarding fluoride in pediatric dentistry?BMC oral health · 2026Article
- Article
- Effect of language difference and time on the accuracy of artificial intelligence chatbots responses to questions about vital pulp therapy.BMC oral health · 2026Article
- Artificial intelligence chatbots versus dentists: a comparative knowledge assessment on traumatic dental injury management.BMC oral health · 2026Article
- Diagnostic accuracy and repeatability of ChatGPT using textual and radiographic data in reversible pulpitis: a retrospective diagnostic study.Frontiers in bioinformatics · 2026Article
- A Bibliometric Analysis of Artificial Intelligence Research Published in Endodontic Journals.Iranian endodontic journal · 2026Review
- Artificial intelligence in endocrine practice: comparing ChatGPT, Gemini, and Claude for adrenal incidentaloma care.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2026Article
- Evaluation of ChatGPT-4o and DeepSeek as tools for orthodontic health literacy in public dental education.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Evaluation of the Performance of Artificial Intelligence Based Chatbots in Providing First Aid Information on Dental Trauma According to the ToothSOS Application.Dental traumatology : official publication of International Association for Dental Traumatology · 2025Article
- Comparative Evaluation of Responses from ChatGPT-5, Gemini 2.5 Flash, Grok 4, and Claude Sonnet-4 Chatbots to Questions About Endodontic Iatrogenic Events.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
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Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
aimsThe aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy and consistency of responses given by two different versions of Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer (ChatGPT), ChatGPT-4, and ChatGPT-4o, to multiple-choice questions prepared from undergraduate endodontic education topics at different times of the day and on different days. METHODOLOGY: In total, 60 multiple-choice, text-based questions from 6 topics of undergraduate endodontic education were prepared. Each question was asked to ChatGPT-4 and ChatGPT-4o 3 times a day (morning, noon, and evening) and for 3 consecutive days. The accuracy and consistency of AIs were compared using SPSS and R programs (p < .05, 95% confidence interval).
resultsThe accuracy rate of ChatGPT-4o (92.8%) was significantly higher than that of ChatGPT-4 (81.7%; p < .001). The question groups affected the accuracy rates of both AIs (p < .001). The times at which the questions were asked did not affect the accuracy of either AI (p > .05). There was no statistically significant difference in the consistency rate between ChatGPT-4 and ChatGPT-4o (p = .123). The question groups did not affect the consistency of either AI, too (p > .05).
conclusionsAccording to the results of this study, the accuracy of ChatGPT-4o was better than that of ChatGPT-4. These findings demonstrate that AI chatbots can be used in dental education. However, it is also necessary to consider the limitations and potential risks associated with AI.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.