Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40025216›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2025

Characterisation and restoration of a severely damaged paper archive from the Qing Dynasty.

Panpan Liu, Yanli Li, Huimin Li, WenYue Zhang, Yunpeng Qi, Xiaoya Zhang, Yujia Luo, Yuhu Li

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Panpan LiuEngineering Research Center of Historical Cultural Heritage Conservation, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China.
Yanli LiEngineering Research Center of Historical Cultural Heritage Conservation, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China.
Huimin LiEngineering Research Center of Historical Cultural Heritage Conservation, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China.
WenYue ZhangEngineering Research Center of Historical Cultural Heritage Conservation, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China.
Yunpeng QiEngineering Research Center of Historical Cultural Heritage Conservation, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China.
Xiaoya ZhangThe Archives of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
Yujia LuoEngineering Research Center of Historical Cultural Heritage Conservation, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China. yujialuo@snnu.edu.cn.
Yuhu LiEngineering Research Center of Historical Cultural Heritage Conservation, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China. liyuhu@snnu.edu.cn.

Funding

Emperor Qinshihuang' s Mausoleum Site Museum Qkfkt202407Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities GK202304013Shaanxi Key Research and Development Program 2024GX-YBXM-560the Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province, China 2021ZDLSF06-03the Young Scientist Initiative Project of the School of Materials Science and Engineering at the Shaanxi Normal University 2023YSIP-MSE-SNNU003Youth Open Project from Nanjing Museum NBKFKT0101
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

In this study, a severely damaged official document produced in the Qing Dynasty (1911 A.D.), was characterized using a range of techniques and subsequently restored using the traditional Chinese conservation methods. The pH and crystalline index of the paper were measured using a pH meter, attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy. The results indicate that the paper archive is acidic and degraded, which is also supported by the broken fibres as observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Then, the properties and durability of the conservation materials, including the conservation paper made of Wikstroemia fibre and wheat starch paste, were explored by determination of colour difference, whiteness, pH, tensile strength, and observation of cross-sectional features before and after dry- and moist-heat degradation. The results demonstrate the conservation materials presented good durability and were then used to perform subsequent conservation treatments, including the assembly of paper pieces and the application of backing paper, to provide additional mechanical support for the preservation of the historical paper archive.

Indexed as

ConservationDeacidificationPaper archiveReinforcement

Identifiers

PMID40025216
PMCPMC11873124

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.