Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40023353›Full record

ArticleAmerican journal of ophthalmology2025

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Primary Angle Closure Disease in an Adult Chinese American Population: The Chinese American Eye Study.

Benjamin Y Xu, Grace M Richter, Bruce S Burkemper, Dandan Wang, Xuejuan Jiang, Mina Torres, Roberta McKean-Cowdin, Nathan Dhablania, Rohit Varma

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In one paragraph

Article in American journal of ophthalmology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
7citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

7 citing papers in PubMed.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Benjamin Y XuFrom the Department of Ophthalmology (B.Y.X., X.J.), Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Grace M RichterDivision of Ophthalmology (G.M.R.), Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Bruce S BurkemperDepartment of Population and Public Health Sciences (B.S.B., X.J., R.M.C.), Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Dandan WangDivision of Pathology (D.W.), Kaiser Permanente Fontana Medical Center, Fontana, California, USA.
Xuejuan JiangFrom the Department of Ophthalmology (B.Y.X., X.J.), Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Population and Public Health Sciences (B.S.B., X.J., R.M.C.), Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Mina TorresCHA Hollywood Presbyterian Medical Center (M.T., N.D., R.V.), Southern California Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Roberta McKean-CowdinDepartment of Population and Public Health Sciences (B.S.B., X.J., R.M.C.), Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Nathan DhablaniaCHA Hollywood Presbyterian Medical Center (M.T., N.D., R.V.), Southern California Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Rohit VarmaCHA Hollywood Presbyterian Medical Center (M.T., N.D., R.V.), Southern California Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA. Electronic address: rvarma@sceyes.org.

Funding

LOS ANGELES LATINO EYE STUDYU10EY011753 · NEI · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA · PI VARMA, ROHIT · 1998 to 2014
$35.6M
Chinese American Eye StudyU10EY017337 · NEI · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA · PI VARMA, ROHIT · 2009 to 2013
$10.2M
Ophthalmic Therapeutics Engineering CoreP30EY029220 · NEI · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA · PI Mahnaz Shahidi · 2018 to 2026
$6.5M
Clinical Evaluation and Risk Stratification of Angle Closure Disease Using Quantitative OCTR01EY035677 · NEI · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA · PI Benjamin Y. Xu · 2024 to 2026
$1.4M
NEI NIH HHS P30 EY029220NEI NIH HHS R01 EY035677NEI NIH HHS U10 EY011753NEI NIH HHS U10 EY017337
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveTo assess the prevalence and risk factors of primary angle closure disease (PACD) among adult Chinese Americans.

designCross-sectional population-based study.

participantsTotal 4582 Chinese Americans 50 years and older from 15 census tracts in Monterey Park, CA.

methodsParticipants received complete eye exams, including gonioscopy, fundus photography, and standard automated perimetry. Primary angle closure suspect (PACS) was defined as non-visible posterior trabecular meshwork for ≥270° on gonioscopy. Primary angle closure (PAC) was defined as PACS with peripheral anterior synechiae (PAS) and/or IOP≥21 mmHg without glaucomatous neuropathy (GON). PACG was defined as PACS or PAC with GON. Suspected PACG (sPACG) was defined as GON without PACS or PAC but with evidence of prior laser iridotomy or cataract surgery with residual PAS. Multivariable logistic regression models were developed to identify risk factors for PACS, PAC, and PACG.

main outcome measuresPrevalence and risk factors of PACS, PAC, and PACG.

resultsData from 4,310 CHES participants were included in the analysis. The prevalence of PACS, PAC, and PACG were 8.1% (95% CI: 7.3%-9.0%; N = 351), 3.1% (95% CI: 2.6%-3.6%; N = 132), and 1.1% (95% CI: 0.8%-1.4%; N = 46), respectively. Prevalence of PACG and sPACG combined was 1.8% (95% CI: 1.4%-2.2%; N = 76). Older age (OR=1.06 per year), positive family history of glaucoma (OR=3.21), higher IOP (OR=1.17 per mmHg), and shorter axial length (OR=1.67 per mm) were significant risk factors (P < .003) for PACG on multivariable analysis. 75.0% of PACG cases were previously undiagnosed. There was one case of PACG with unilateral blindness and no cases with bilateral blindness.

conclusionPACG prevalence was not substantially lower among Chinese Americans compared to mainland Chinese. Older age, higher IOP, positive family history of glaucoma, and smaller AL conferred higher risk. While the majority of PACG cases were undetected, blindness was rare. Improved access to eye care and cataract surgery appears to mitigate severe visual morbidity associated with PACG.

Indexed as

AsianGlaucoma, Angle-ClosureAgedAged, 80 and overAge DistributionCaliforniaCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleGonioscopyHumansIntraocular PressureMaleMiddle AgedPrevalenceRisk FactorsVisual Fields

Identifiers

PMID40023353
PMCPMC12043426

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.