Emerging 3D printing technologies for solid oral dosage forms: Processes, materials and analytical tools for real-time assessment.

Three-dimensional (3D) printing is an emerging technology with the potential to increase manufacturing flexibility and enable personalized drug delivery. 3D printing may form tablets using digitally controlled layer-by-layer material deposition, permitting the tailoring of solid oral dosage geometry and facile modifications of drug release profiles without requiring extensive alterations to the pharmaceutical formulation and process. The challenge to assure the quality of drugs still lies in monitoring and controlling critical steps in the 3D printing process. Optimizing an 3D printing process requires a comprehensive understanding of the critical process parameters, material attributes and their impact on the performance of 3D-printed tablets. This review focuses on recent advances in 3D printing technologies for solid oral dosage forms, emphasizing critical process parameters and material attributes that may be considered for optimizing printing processes and enhancing the quality of printed tablets. Additionally, this review explores real-time analytical tools and the crucial considerations for ensuring the performance of building materials, printing processes, and manufactured solid drug products. This review contributes to the ongoing discourse on harnessing the potential of 3D printing in the pharmaceutical field while emphasizing the imperative need for quality assurance throughout additive manufacturing processes.