ArticleMedical oncology (Northwood, London, England)2025
The reciprocal effects of autophagy and the Warburg effect in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: an in vitro study.
Article in Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Review
- Lactylation enzymes in cancer: Mechanisms and novel therapeutic approaches (Review).Oncology letters · 2026Review
- Metabolic plasticity in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma progression and response to treatment.Molecular cancer · 2026Review
- Beyond metabolism: exploring the regulatory and therapeutic implications of lactate and lactylation in cancer-regulated cell death.Cell death & disease · 2026Review
- Unusual Manifestations of Primary Pancreatic Neoplasia.Cancers · 2025Review
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
Autophagy and the Warburg effect are two common pathways in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). To date, the reciprocal effects of these pathways have not yet been elucidated. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the relationship between these factors in vitro and may provide therapeutic targets in the future. The Mia-Paca-2 and AsPc-1 cell lines were cultured under normal conditions. To achieve autophagy, starvation was induced by Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS), whereas autophagy was inhibited by 3-methyladenine (3-MA). The Warburg effect is mimicked by lactic acid, and the Warburg effect is inhibited by oxamate, the main inhibitor of lactate dehydrogenase. Cell viability was checked through the MTT assay method. Autophagy was checked via evaluation of Beclin-1 via western blotting. The amount of lactic acid was also measured with a lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay kit. The cells were incubated with different concentrations of 3-MA, lactic acid and oxamate. The viability of AsPc-1 cells decreased, and the IC
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Registered trials
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