Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40020667›Full record

ArticleCell2025

RNA-binding proteins and glycoRNAs form domains on the cell surface for cell-penetrating peptide entry.

Jonathan Perr, Andreas Langen, Karim Almahayni, Gianluca Nestola, Peiyuan Chai, Charlotta G Lebedenko, Regan F Volk, Diego Detrés, Reese M Caldwell, Malte Spiekermann and 9 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Cell, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 54 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
54citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

54 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Defining cell surface and glycosylated RNAs.Trends in genetics : TIG · 2026
    Review
  3. The cellular landscape of druggable RNA-binding proteins.Nature reviews. Drug discovery · 2026
    Review
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  14. Sialylation in the nervous system: Functions and mechanisms.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2026
    Review
  15. Dynamic translocation of Inside-Out proteins to the cell surface underlies cellular adaptation to cancer-induced stress.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026
    Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

19 authors.

Jonathan PerrStem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
Andreas LangenDepartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Karim AlmahayniMax Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstr. 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
Gianluca NestolaMax Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstr. 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
Peiyuan ChaiStem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
Charlotta G LebedenkoStem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
Regan F VolkDepartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Diego DetrésDepartment of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Reese M CaldwellStem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Malte SpiekermannMax Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstr. 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
Helena HembergerStem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
Namita BisariaStem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
Toshihiko AibaDepartment of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Francisco J Sánchez-RiveraDepartment of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Konstantinos TzelepisWellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.
Eliezer CaloDepartment of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Leonhard MöcklMax Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstr. 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Department of Medicine 1/CITABLE, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), University Clinic Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
Balyn W ZaroDepartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Ryan A FlynnStem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. Electronic address: ryan.flynn@childrens.harvard.edu.

Funding

Pre-doctoral Training in Fundamental Approaches to Biochemistry and Cell and Molecular BiologyT32GM136540 · NIGMS · MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY · PI Mary Gehring, Michael Laub · 2021 to 2026
$9.5M
Genetic Analysis and Manipulation Core (GAEC)P50HD105351 · NICHD · BOSTON CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL · PI Hisashi Umemori · 2021 to 2026
$9.4M
Mechanisms and functions of cell surface glycoRNAsR35GM151157 · NIGMS · BOSTON CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL · PI Ryan Alexander Flynn · 2023 to 2026
$1.8M
NICHD NIH HHS P50 HD105351NIGMS NIH HHS R35 GM151157NIGMS NIH HHS T32 GM136540
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The composition and organization of the cell surface determine how cells interact with their environment. Traditionally, glycosylated transmembrane proteins were thought to be the major constituents of the external surface of the plasma membrane. Here, we provide evidence that a group of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) is present on the surface of living cells. These cell-surface RBPs (csRBPs) precisely organize into well-defined nanoclusters enriched for multiple RBPs and glycoRNAs, and their clustering can be disrupted by extracellular RNase addition. These glycoRNA-csRBP clusters further serve as sites of cell-surface interaction for the cell-penetrating peptide trans-activator of transcription (TAT). Removal of RNA from the cell surface, or loss of RNA-binding activity by TAT, causes defects in TAT cell internalization. Together, we provide evidence of an expanded view of the cell surface by positioning glycoRNA-csRBP clusters as a regulator of communication between cells and the extracellular environment.

Indexed as

Cell MembraneCell-Penetrating PeptidesRNA-Binding ProteinsRNA, Small NucleolarAnimalsHeLa CellsHumansCell-Penetrating PeptidesRNA-Binding ProteinsRNA, Small Nucleolarcell-penetrating peptidescell surfaceglycoRNARNA-binding proteins

Identifiers

PMID40020667
PMCPMC11972160

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.