SynthesisMedicine2025
Efficacy of esketamine nasal spray for treatment-resistant depression: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies.
Synthesis in Medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Dose-dependent adverse events of esketamine in treatment-resistant depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Pooled it
- Intranasal esketamine plus oral antidepressant for treatment-resistant depression: acute induction and maintenance relapse-prevention outcomes in a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Intranasal administration in modulating depressive-like behavior and reconstructing treatment paradigms through neuroinflammation and neurotrophic pathways.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Review
- Ketamine alters the aperiodic EEG exponent in major depression: implications for cortical E/I balance and treatment prediction.Therapeutic advances in psychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Safety Profile and Suicidality Associated with the Use of Esketamine in the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder in European Countries: An EudraVigilance Database Analysis.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe efficacy of esketamine nasal spray for treatment-resistant depression remains controversial. This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to explore the influence of esketamine nasal spray on treatment efficacy for treatment-resistant depression.
methodsWe conducted a comprehensive search across multiple databases, including PubMed, EMbase, Web of Science, EBSCO, and Cochrane library through March 2024 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the effect of esketamine nasal spray on the treatment efficacy of depression. This meta-analysis was performed using the random-effect model.
resultsFive RCTs are included in the meta-analysis. Overall, compared with control group treatment-resistant depression, esketamine nasal spray is associated with significantly reduced MADRS scores (SMD = -3.88; 95% confidence interval [CI] = -5.71 to -2.05; P < .0001), increased response rates (RR = 1.99; 95% CI = 1.28-3.10; P = .002), decreased Sheehan Disability Scale (SMD = -3.01; 95% CI = -4.39 to -1.64; P < .0001) and PHQ-9 scores (SMD = -2.32; 95% CI = -3.51 to -1.13; P = .0001), but leads to the increase in dizziness (RR = 3.55; 95% CI = 2.37-5.32; P < .00001) and nausea (RR = 3.88; 95% CI = 2.10-7.18; P < .0001).
conclusionEsketamine nasal spray is beneficial to improve the efficacy of treatment-resistant depression.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.