Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40020075›Full record

ArticleScience advances2025

A sensor-actuator-coupled gustatory interface chemically connecting virtual and real environments for remote tasting.

Shulin Chen, Yizhen Jia, Bowen Duan, Tzu-Li Liu, Qi Wang, Xiao Xiao, Prasad Nithianandam, Xi Tian, Chunyu Yang, Changsheng Wu and 2 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Science advances, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Shulin ChenDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-0280-1536
Yizhen JiaDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
Bowen DuanDepartment of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.ORCID 0009-0003-0686-2680
Tzu-Li LiuDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-6595-8517
Qi WangDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
Xiao XiaoInstitute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore.ORCID 0000-0002-7861-5596
Prasad NithianandamDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
Xi TianTsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Nanshan, Shenzhen 518071, China.ORCID 0000-0003-1633-1210
Chunyu YangDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
Changsheng WuInstitute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore.ORCID 0000-0002-0921-6356
Zhaoqian XieDepartment of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.ORCID 0000-0003-1320-817X
Jinghua LiDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-8985-566X

Funding

Optoeletronic Micro-Gadget (OMG): a Photoelectrochemistry-Enabled Multi-Utility Lab-on-a-Chip System for Precise and Localized Sensing and ActuationR21EB035153 · NIBIB · OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY · PI Jinghua Li · 2024 to 2026
$598k
NIBIB NIH HHS R21 EB035153
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Recent advancements in virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) have strengthened the bridge between virtual and real worlds via human-machine interfaces. Despite extensive research into biophysical signals, gustation, a fundamental component of the five senses, has experienced limited progress. This work reports a bio-integrated gustatory interface, "e-Taste," to address the underrepresented chemical dimension in current VR/AR technologies. This system facilitates remote perception and replication of taste sensations through the coupling of physically separated sensors and actuators with wireless communication modules. By using chemicals representing five basic tastes, systematic codesign of key functional components yields reliable performance including tunability, versatility, safety, and mechanical robustness. Field testing involving human subjects focusing on user perception confirms its proficiency in digitally simulating a range of taste intensities and combinations. Overall, this investigation pioneers a chemical dimension in AR/VR technology, paving the way for users to transcend visual and auditory virtual engagements by integrating the taste sensation into virtual environment for enhanced digital experiences.

Indexed as

TasteTaste PerceptionUser-Computer InterfaceVirtual RealityAdultAugmented RealityFemaleHumansMale

Identifiers

PMID40020075
PMCPMC11870074

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.