ArticlePLOS global public health2025
"A man never cries": A mixed-methods analysis of gender differences in depression and alcohol use in Moshi, Tanzania.
Article in PLOS global public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Structural and health system determinants of mental health in Tanzania: mapping policy recommendations to the WHO comprehensive mental health action plan 2013-2030.Frontiers in public health · 2026Pooled it
- Alcohol use and alcohol use disorders as a mediator between common mental disorders and antiretroviral therapy adherence among people living with HIV in Tanzania.AIDS research and therapy · 2025Article
- The burden of generational harm due to alcohol use in Tanzania: A mixed method study of pregnant women.PLOS global public health · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
- Update of"2023
Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Globally, gender differences are well-documented in alcohol use behaviors and MDD, yet these remain understudied in Moshi, Tanzania. Understanding gender-specific nuances of these conditions is crucial for developing effective and culturally appropriate mental health treatments. This study aims to investigate gender differences in MDD, alcohol use, and other aspects of mental well-being among patients at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre (KCMC). Six hundred and seventy-six patients presenting for care at the KCMC Emergency Department (ED) and Reproductive Health Centre (RHC) were enrolled between October 2021 and May 2022. Patients were selected through systematic random sampling and completed quantitative surveys, including the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) and the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9). Nineteen patients were purposively chosen from the study population for in-depth interviews (IDIs) exploring alcohol use, gender, and depression. ANOVA, chi-squared tests, adjusted log-binomial regressions, and a linear regression model were used to analyze quantitative data in RStudio. A grounded theory approach was used to analyze all IDIs in NVivo. Average [SD] PHQ-9 scores were 7.22 [5.07] for ED women, 4.91 [4.11] for RHC women, and 3.75 [4.38] among ED men. ED women held the highest prevalence of MDD (25%) compared to RHC women (11%) and ED men (7.9%) (p < 0.001). Depressive symptoms were associated with higher AUDIT scores for ED men (R2 = 0.11, p < 0.001). Qualitative analysis showed that while present for women, social support networks were notably absent for men, playing a role in alcohol use. For men, alcohol was described as a coping mechanism for stress. Intersectionality of gender, alcohol use, and depression is influenced by sociocultural and behavioral norms in Moshi. As such, multi-layered, gender-differentiated programming should be considered for the treatment of substance use and mental health conditions in this region.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.